War and Peace (Russian: ????? ? ???, trans. Voyna i mir) is a 1966–67 Soviet war drama film written and directed by Sergei Bondarchuk and a film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's 1869 novel War and Peace. The film, released in four installments throughout 1966 and 1967, starred Bondarchuk in the leading role of Pierre Bezukhov, alongside Vyacheslav Tikhonov and Ludmila Savelyeva, who depicted Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and Natasha Rostova.
War and Peace | |
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Original theatrical release poster for Part I: Andrei Bolkonsky. | |
Directed by | Sergei Bondarchuk |
Produced by |
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Screenplay by |
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Based on | War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy |
Starring |
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Music by | Vyacheslav Ovchinnikov |
Cinematography |
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Edited by | Tatiana Likhacheva |
Production company | Mosfilm |
Distributed by | Continental Distributing (US) |
Release date |
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Running time |
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Country | Soviet Union |
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Budget |
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Box office | 58,000,000 Soviet ruble (USSR estimate) |
The picture was produced by the Mosfilm studios between 1961 and 1967, with considerable support from the Soviet authorities. At a cost of 8.29 million Soviet rubles – equal to USD 9.21 million at 1967 rates, or $50–60 million in 2017, accounting for ruble inflation – it was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. Upon its release, it became a success with the audiences, selling approximately 135 million tickets in its native country. War and Peace also won the Grand Prix in the Moscow International Film Festival, the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
Screenplay
Part I: Andrei Bolkonsky
In St. Petersburg of 1805, Pierre Bezukhov, the illegitimate son of a rich nobleman, is introduced to high society. His friend, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, joins the Imperial Russian Army as aide-de-camp of General Mikhail Kutuzov in the War of the Third Coalition against Napoleon. As Pierre's father recognizes him, he attracts the attention of Hélène Kuragin and marries her, only to discover she is unfaithful to him. Bolkonsky takes part in the failed campaign in Austria, where he witnesses the Battle of Schöngrabern and the Battle of Austerlitz. The prince is badly wounded and is mistaken for dead. His wife dies at childbirth. Bolkonsky returns to his home and meets Natasha Rostova, the young daughter of a count.
Part II: Natasha Rostova
In the end of 1809, Natasha attends her first ball. Andrei falls in love with her and intends to marry her, but his father demands they wait. The prince travels abroad, and Natasha desperately longs for him. But she then meets Anatol Kuragin and forgets Andrei. At the last minute, she regrets and abandons her plans to elope with Anatol. Bolkonsky hears of this and declares their betrothal is over. Pierre, trying to calm her down, suddenly announces he loves her.
Part III: The Year 1812
In 1812, Napoleon's Army invades Russia. Kutuzov asks Bolkonsky to join him as a staff officer, yet the prince requests a command in the field. Pierre sets out to watch the upcoming confrontation between the armies. During the Battle of Borodino, he volunteers to assist in an artillery battery. Bolkonsky's unit waits in the reserve, but he is hit by a shell. Both Anatol and Bolkonsky suffer severe wounds. The French Army is victorious and advances on Moscow.
Part IV: Pierre Bezukhov
As Moscow is set ablaze by the retreating Russians, the Rostovs flee their estate, taking wounded soldiers with them, and unbeknownst to them, also Andrei. Pierre, dressed as a peasant, tries to assassinate Napoleon but is taken prisoner. As the French are forced to retreat, he is marched for months with the Grande Armée, until being freed by a raiding party. The French are defeated by Kutuzov in the Battle of Krasnoi. Andrei is recognized and is brought to his estate. He forgives Natasha on his deathbed. She reunites with Pierre and they marry as Moscow is being rebuilt.
- Lyudmila Savelyeva as Natasha Rostova
- Oleg Tabakov as Nikolai Rostov
- Sergei Yermilov as Petya Rostov
- Viktor Stanitsyn as Ilya Rostov
- Kira Golovko as Natalya Rostova
- Irina Gubanova as Sonya Rostova
- Eduard Martsevich as Boris Drubetskoy
- Aleksandr Borisov as Uncle Rostov
- Nikolai Rybnikov as Vasily Denisov
- Viktor Murganov as Alexander I of Russia
- Larisa Borisenko as Mlle. Bourienne
- Georgy Millyar as Morel
- Jean-Claude Ballard as Ramballe
- Nonna Mordyukova as Anisya
- Anna Timiryova as old lady
- Boris Khmelnitsky as Bolkonsky's adjutant
- Valeri Yeremichev as Alexander Ostermann-Tolstoy
- Sergei Bondarchuk as Pierre Bezukhov
- Irina Skobtseva as Hélène Kuragin
- Vasili Lanovoy as Anatol Kuragin
- Oleg Yefremov as Fedor Dolokhov
- Boris Smirnov as Vasili Kuragin
- Nikolai Tolkachev as Kyril Bezukhov
- Dzhemma Firsova as Katishe Mamontova
- Mikhail Khrabrov as Platon Karataev
- Nikolay Trofimov as Tushin
- Vladislav Strzhelchik as Napoleon
- J?nis Granti?š as Ludwig von Wolzogen
- Dz. Eizent?ls as Carl von Clausewitz
- Galina Kravchenko as Marya Karagina
- Boris Molchanov as Louis-Nicolas Davout
- Lev Polyakov as Jacques Lauriston
- Rodion Aleksandrov as Alexander Balashov
- Vyacheslav Tikhonov as Andrei Bolkonsky
- Anatoli Ktorov as Nikolai Bolkonsky
- Anastasiya Vertinskaya as Lisa Bolkonskaya
- Antonina Shuranova as Maria Bolkonskaya
- Boris Zakhava as Mikhail Kutuzov
- Nikita Mikhalkov as Russian soldier
- Giuli Chokhonelidze as Pyotr Bagration
- Vadim Safronov as Francis II
- Yelena Tyapkina as Akhrosimova
- Herberts Zommers as Count Benningsen
- Nikolai Bubnov as Karl Mack von Leiberich
- Angelina Stepanova as Anna Scherer
- Erwin Knausmüller as Franz von Weyrother
- Mikhail Pogorzhelsky as Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
- Leonid Vidavsky as Paisi Kaysarov
- Nikolai Grinko as Dessalles
Genesis
In August 1959, King Vidor's American-Italian co-production War and Peace was released in the Soviet Union, attracting 31.4 million viewers and gaining wide acclaim. The nearing 150th anniversary of the 1812 French Invasion, as well the worldwide success of Vidor's adaptation of the Russian national epic – at a time when the USSR and the United States were struggling for prestige – motivated the Soviet Minister of Culture Yekaterina Furtseva to begin planning a local picture based on Leo Tolstoy's novel. An open letter which appeared in the Soviet press, signed by many of the country's filmmakers, declared: "it is a matter of honor for the Soviet cinema industry, to produce a picture which will surpass the American-Italian one in its artistic merit and authenticity." According to Der Spiegel, the film was to serve as a "counterstrike" to Vidor.
During 1960, several leading Soviet directors proposed themselves to head the project, including Mikhail Romm and Sergei Gerasimov. But soon, the only viable candidate remaining was Ivan Pyryev. As his selection to the role seemed secure, several officials in the Ministry of Culture offered it to forty-year-old Sergei Bondarchuk, who had completed his directorial debut, Destiny of a Man, in 1959. Bondarchuk had not sought out the position and did not know of the proposal until a letter from the Ministry reached him, but he chose to accept it and contend with Pyryev.
Author Fedor Razzakov wrote that the invitation of Bondarchuk was orchestrated by Pyryev's many enemies in the establishment, who were determined not to let him receive the lucrative project; in early February 1961, a letter endorsing Bondarchuk was sent to the Minister, signed by several prominent figures from the cinema industry. At first, Furtseva decreed that both candidates would each direct a pilot to be screened before a commission. However, Pyryev soon withdrew his bid. Razzakov believed he had done so after realizing his chances were slim: Bondarchuk, whose career began only during the Thaw, represented a generation of young directors promoted by Nikita Khrushchev's Kremlin to replace the old filmmakers from the Stalin era, like himself. In the end of February, after Pyryev conceded, the Minister held a meeting and confirmed Bondarchuk as the director.
Development
On 3 April 1961, Vladimir Surin, the director-general of the Mosfilm studios, sent Furtseva a letter requesting to approve the adaptation of a script for a film in three parts based on War and Peace, as well as to allocate 150,000 Soviet ruble in funds. On 5 May the Minister replied, authorizing to begin writing the scenario and granting R30,000. On that day, the work on the picture began.
Bondarchuk hired Vasily Solovyov, a playwright, as his assistant for composing the script. The two later changed the earlier premise and decided to make four parts instead of three. They chose to downplay or exclude completely several of Tolstoy's plotlines and themes, in order not to make the film too cumbersome: the episodes concerning Nikolai Rostov and Maria Bolkonskaya were almost completely ignored, and Anatol Kuragin received an only slightly better treatment. The author's views on philosophy and history were barely mentioned at all.
The Mosfilm directorate approved the finished script on 27 February 1962. On 20 March, in a plenum in the Ministry of Culture attended by Surin and the State Committee for Cinematography's deputy chairman Basakov, Furtseva approved the scenario and requested all relevant agencies to assist the producers, including the Ministry of Defense, which was deemed central in providing support for the project.
The producers appointed three military advisers: Army General Vladimir Kurasov became the film's chief consultant, and Army General Markian Popov assisted as well; Lieutenant General Nikolai Oslikovsky was brought as an expert on cavalry. The Soviet Army would supply thousands of soldiers as extras during the filming.
More than forty museums contributed historical artifacts, such as chandeliers, furniture and cutlery, to create an authentic impression of the early 19th-century Russia. Thousands of costumes were sewn, mainly military uniform of the sorts worn in the Napoleonic Wars, including 11,000 shakos. Sixty obsolete cannons were cast and 120 wagons and carts constructed for the production.
Anticipating the need for cavalry, line producer Nikolai Ivanov and General Osilkovsky began seeking appropriate horses. While the cavalry formations of the Army were long abolished, several units in the Transcaucasian Military District and the Turkestan Military District retained horse drawn mountain artillery. In addition to those, the Ministry of Agriculture gave away nine hundred horses and the Moscow City Police organized a detachment from its mounted regiment. The producers also needed to arrange hounds for the wolf hunting at the Rostov estate. At first, it was planned to use Borzois, as depicted in the novel. Sixteen such were obtained from individual private owners, but the dogs had no experience in hunting and were hard to handle. Eventually, scent hounds supplied by the Ministry of Defense chased down the wolves – provided by the zoological department of the State Studio for Popular Science Films – while the Borzoi caught them.
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