The Sword in the Stone is a 1963 American animated musical fantasy comedy film produced by Walt Disney and released by Buena Vista Distribution. The 18th Disney animated feature film, it was the final Disney animated film to be released before Walt Disney's death. The songs in the film were written and composed by the Sherman Brothers, who later wrote music for other Disney films like Mary Poppins (1964), The Jungle Book (1967), The Aristocats (1970), and Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971).
The Sword in the Stone | |
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Original theatrical release poster | |
Directed by | Wolfgang Reitherman |
Produced by | Walt Disney |
Story by | Bill Peet |
Based on | The Sword in the Stone by T. H. White |
Starring |
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Music by | George Bruns |
Edited by | Donald Halliday |
Production company | Walt Disney Productions |
Distributed by | Buena Vista Distribution |
Release date |
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Running time | 79 minutes |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Budget | $3 million |
Box office | $22.2 million |
The film is based on the novel of the same name, which was first published in 1938 as a single novel. It was later republished in 1958 as the first book of T. H. White's tetralogy The Once and Future King. The Sword in the Stone was released to theaters on December 25, 1963 to mixed reviews, though it was a box office success.
A live-action adaptation of the film directed by Juan Carlos Fresnadillo is scheduled to be released in 2019.
Screenplay
The King of England, Uther Pendragon, dies. No heir to the throne is named, and England is threatened to be torn apart by war. Miraculously, the legendary "Sword in the Stone" magically appears inside an anvil in London, with an inscription proclaiming that whoever can pull it out is the rightful King of England. Many try to remove the sword, but none succeed, and the sword is eventually forgotten, leaving England in the Dark Ages. Years later, a 12-year-old orphan named Arthur, commonly called Wart, meets Merlin the wizard, and his pet owl Archimedes. Merlin declares himself Arthur's tutor. Sir Pellinore, arrives with news that the annual jousting tournament will be held in London, and the winner will be crowned king. Sir Ector, Arthur's foster father, decides to put his son, Kay through serious training for the tournament and appoints Arthur as Kay's squire.
In order to educate Arthur, Merlin transforms the boy and himself into fish to learn about physics. Afterwards, Arthur is sent to the kitchen as punishment for relating the lesson to a disbelieving Ector. Merlin enchants the dishes to wash themselves, then transforms Arthur and himself into tree squirrels to learn about gravity. They return to Ector who accuses Merlin of using black magic on the dishes. Arthur defiantly defends Merlin, but Ector refuses to listen and punishes Arthur by giving Kay another squire. Resolving to make amends, Merlin plans on educating Arthur full-time. However, Merlin's knowledge of future history confuses Arthur, prompting Merlin to appoint Archimedes as Arthur's teacher. Merlin transforms Arthur into a sparrow and Archimedes teaches him how to fly. During their lesson, Arthur meets Madam Mim, an eccentric, evil witch who is Merlin's nemesis. Merlin arrives to rescue Arthur, and outsmarts her, illustrating that knowledge can be more important than strength.
Kay is knighted, but his squire comes down with the mumps, forcing Ector to reinstate Arthur as Kay's squire. Arthur tells Merlin and Archimedes the news, and Archimedes congratulates him, but Merlin is disappointed. Arthur defends his choices, and Merlin angrily transports himself to 20th century Bermuda, while Archimedes stays with Arthur.
On the day of the tournament, Arthur realizes that he has left Kay's sword at an inn, which is now closed for the tournament. Arthur sees the Sword in the Stone in a nearby churchyard, and removes it almost effortlessly, unknowingly fulfilling the prophecy. When Arthur returns with the sword, Ector, Pellinore, and another knight, Sir Bart, recognize it and the tournament is halted. Ector places the sword back in its anvil, demanding Arthur prove that he pulled it. Thinking anyone can pull the sword now, Kay attempts to remove it himself, and Ector rushes to Kay's aid, but several other men then fight Ector and Kay over it, and try to remove the sword for themselves, leading to Bart rebuking Ector's, Kay, and the other men's behavior. Pellinore and Bart stand up for Arthur, demanding for him to be given a chance, and encourage him to pull the sword again, which he does, revealing that he is England's rightful king. The crowd all proclaim Arthur as king, as Ector bows down to Arthur to beg his forgiveness for how he has treated him, and then orders Kay to bow down to Arthur. Kay, reluctantly does at first, then after looking at Arthur, accepts the situation, and does so sincerely. The newly crowned King Arthur, feeling unprepared for the responsibility of ruling, calls out to Merlin for help, and Merlin returns from Bermuda to reassure him, elated that Arthur is the king he saw in the future. Merlin tells Arthur that he will go on to lead the Knights of the Round Table, accomplishing many amazing feats and becoming a great king.
- Rickie Sorensen, Richard Reitherman, and Robert Reitherman as Arthur, also known as Wart, Disney's adaptation of legendary British leader King Arthur. Arthur was voiced by three actors, leading to noticeable changes in voice between scenes — and sometimes, within the same scene. Also, the three voices have American accents, sharply contrasting with the English setting and the accents spoken by most of the other characters in the film. Mari Ness of the online magazine Tor.com suggests that, "Given that the film is about growing up, this problem might have been overcome" with the three voices being interpreted as Arthur’s character development both mentally and physically; however, she also notes that "the director inexplicably chose to leave all three voices in for some scenes, drawing attention to the problem that they were not the same actor." She notes even further that "Two were brothers, and sound somewhat similar; the third was not, and sounds distinctly different." Finally, she notes the issue of the American accents of the voices contrasting with the English setting and the accents spoken by most of the other characters in the film, noting that "The only positive: the vocal issues with Wart do help distract attention from the fact that the Brits aren’t particularly good here either."
- Karl Swenson as Merlin, an old and eccentric wizard who aids and educates Arthur. Merlin was animated by several of Disney's Nine Old Men, including Milt Kahl, Frank Thomas, Ollie Johnston, and John Lounsbery. Kahl designed the character, refining the storyboard sketches of Bill Peet.
- Junius Matthews as Archimedes: Merlin's crotchety, yet highly educated pet owl, who has the ability of speaking.
- Sebastian Cabot as Sir Ector, Arthur's foster father. Cabot also provides the brief narration at the beginning and end of the film.
- Norman Alden as Sir Kay, Arthur's older foster brother and Ector's son.
- Martha Wentworth as Madam Mim, a black magic proficient witch and Merlin's nemesis. Mim's magic uses trickery, as opposed to Merlin's scientific skill. She is the only antagonist of the film to be part of the official Disney Villains line-up. She was animated by two of Disney's legendary Nine Old Men, Milt Kahl (who designed the character, refining storyboard sketches from Bill Peet), and Frank Thomas. Kahl animated her initial interaction with Arthur, while Thomas oversaw her part of the Wizards' Duel with Merlin. Wentworth also voiced the Granny Squirrel, a dim-witted, elderly female squirrel that develops an attraction to Merlin.
- Alan Napier as Sir Pellinore, a friend of Sir Ector who announces the tournament where Arthur is revealed as king.
- Thurl Ravenscroft as Sir Bart, one of the knights seen at the Jousting Tournament.
- James MacDonald as The Wolf, an unnamed, starving wolf that wants to eat Arthur.
- Ginny Tyler as The Little Girl Squirrel, a young female squirrel that develops an attraction to Arthur.
- Barbara Jo Allen as Scullery Maid, Ector's maid who believes Merlin to be an evil sorcerer.
In 1939, Walt Disney first obtained the film rights to T. H. White's The Sword in the Stone, and the initial storyboards were produced in 1949. When work on One Hundred and One Dalmatians was completed in 1960, two projects were in development, which were Chanticleer and The Sword in the Stone. The former was developed by Ken Anderson and Marc Davis who aimed to produce a feature animated film in a more contemporary setting. Both of them had visited the Disney archives, and decided to adapt the satirical tale into production upon glancing at earlier conceptions dating back to the 1940s. Anderson, Davis, Milt Kahl, and director Wolfgang Reitherman spent months preparing elaborate storyboards for Chanticleer, and following a silent response following a story reel presentation, a voice from the back of the room said, "You can't make a personality out of a chicken!" The voice belonged to Bill Peet. When the time came to approve one of the two projects, Walt remarked that the problem with making a rooster a protagonist was that " don't feel like picking up a rooster up and petting it." Meanwhile, work on The Sword in the Stone were solely done by veteran story artist Bill Peet. After Disney had seen the 1960 Broadway production of Camelot, he approved the project to enter production. Ollie Johnston stated, " got furious with Bill for not pushing Chanticleer after all the work he had put in on it. He said, 'I can draw a damn fine rooster, you know.' Bill said, 'So can I.'" Peet recalled "how humiliated they were to accept defeat and give in to The Sword in the Stone...He allowed to have their own way, and they let him down. They never understood that I wasn't trying to compete with them, just trying to do what I wanted to work. I was the midst of all this competition, and with Walt to please, too."
Writing in his autobiography, Peet decided to write a screenplay before producing storyboards, though he found the narrative "complicated, with the Arthurian legend woven into a mixture of other legends and myths" and finding a direct storyline required "sifting and sorting". After Walt received the first screenplay draft, he told Peet that it should have more substance. On his second draft, Peet lengthened it by enlarging on the more dramatic aspects of the story, in which Walt approved of through a call from Palm Springs, Florida.
Casting
For the voice of Merlin, director Wolfgang Reitherman estimated that seventy actors read for the part, but "none evidenced that note of eccentricity that we were seeking. We wanted Merlin to be eccentric but not hokey." At the same time, Karl Swenson was initially cast for Archimedes, but the filmmakers decided to cast him instead as Merlin. Rickie Sorensen, who had voiced young Arthur, entered puberty during production, which forced the older Reitherman to cast his sons, Richard and Robert, to replace him.
Box office
The Sword in the Stone was a financial success at the box office and became the sixth highest-grossing film of 1963, earning estimated theatrical rentals of $4.75 million. The film was re-released on March 25, 1983 and grossed $12 million. The film received a lifetime gross of $22,182,353 in North America.
Critical reception
The film received mixed reviews from critics, who thought it had too much humor and a "thin narrative". Variety wrote that the film "demonstrates anew the magic of the Disney animators and imagination in character creation. But one might wish for a script which stayed more with the basic story line rather than taking so many twists and turns which have little bearing on the tale about King Arthur as a lad." Bosley Crowther of The New York Times praised the film claiming it is "an eye-filling package of rollicking fun and thoughtful common sense. The humor sparkles with real, knowing sophistication — meaning for all ages — and some of the characters on the fifth-century landscape of Old England are Disney pips."
Rotten Tomatoes reported that 71% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 24 reviews with an average score of 6/10. Its consensus states that "A decent take on the legend of King Arthur, The Sword in the Stone suffers from relatively indifferent animation, but its characters are still memorable and appealing." Nell Minow of Common Sense Media gave the film four out of five stars, writing, "Delightful classic brings Arthur legend to life". In his book The Best of Disney, Neil Sinyard states that, despite not being well known, the film has excellent animation, a complex structure, and is actually mo
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