The Stranger is a 1946 American film noir starring Edward G. Robinson, Loretta Young, and Orson Welles. It was Welles's third completed feature film as director. A drama about a war crimes investigator who tracks a high-ranking Nazi fugitive to a New England town, it is the first Hollywood film to present documentary footage of the Holocaust. The original story by Victor Trivas was nominated for an Academy Award. The film entered the public domain when its copyright was not renewed.
The Stranger | |
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Theatrical release poster | |
Directed by | Orson Welles |
Produced by | Sam Spiegel |
Screenplay by |
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Story by | Victor Trivas |
Starring |
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Music by | Bronis?aw Kaper |
Cinematography | Russell Metty |
Production company | International Pictures |
Distributed by | RKO Radio Pictures |
Release date |
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Running time | 95 minutes |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Budget | $1.034 million |
Box office | $3.22 million 931,868 admissions (France) |
Screenplay
In 1946, Mr. Wilson (Edward G. Robinson) of the United Nations War Crimes Commission is hunting for Nazi fugitive Franz Kindler (Orson Welles), a war criminal who has erased all evidence which might identify him, with no clue left to his identity except "a hobby that almost amounts to a mania—clocks."
Wilson releases Kindler's former associate Meinike (Konstantin Shayne), hoping the man will lead him to Kindler. Wilson follows Meinike to the United States, to the town of Harper, Connecticut, but loses him before he meets with Kindler. Kindler has assumed a new identity and is known locally as "Charles Rankin," and has become a prep school teacher. He is about to marry Mary Longstreet (Loretta Young), daughter of Supreme Court Justice Adam Longstreet (Philip Merivale), and is involved in repairing the town's 300-year-old Habrecht-style clock mechanism with religious automata that crowns the belfry of a church in the town square.
When Kindler/Rankin and Meinike do meet, Meinike, who is repentant, begs Kindler to confess his crimes. Instead, Kindler strangles Meinike, who might expose him.
Eventually, Wilson deduces that Rankin is Kindler, but not having witnessed the meeting with Meinike, he has no proof. Only Mary knows that Meinike came to meet her husband. To get her to admit this, Wilson must convince her that her husband is a criminal—before Rankin decides to eliminate the threat to him by killing her. Rankin's pose begins to unravel when Red, the family dog, discovers Meinike's body. To further protect his secret, Rankin poisons Red.
Meanwhile, Mrs. Rankin begins to suspect her husband, but she is too blinded by love to accept the facts. She is torn between her desire to learn the truth concerning her husband as a possible murderous monster and the idea of helping him create his new life. Mr. Wilson shows her graphic footage of Nazi concentration camps and explains how Rankin, as Kindler, developed the idea of genocide.
Not until Mary discovers Rankin's plot to kill her does she finally relent. In a tense moment, she dares Rankin to kill her. Rankin tries to, but he is prevented by Wilson and Mary's brother Noah (Richard Long). Pursued by them, he flees into the church belfry, is impaled by the clock mechanism he has labored to repair, and falls to his death.
- Edward G. Robinson as Mr. Wilson
- Loretta Young as Mary Longstreet Rankin
- Orson Welles as Franz Kindler, also known as Professor Charles Rankin
- Philip Merivale as Judge Adam Longstreet
- Richard Long as Noah Longstreet
- Konstantin Shayne as Konrad Meinike
- Byron Keith as Dr. Jeffrey Lawrence
- Billy House as Mr. Potter
- Martha Wentworth as Sara
- Isabel O'Madigan as Mrs. Lawrence
- Pietro Sosso as Mr. Peabody
- Erskine Sanford as Party Guest:197
- Theodore Gottlieb as Farbright (not in release version):197
Contemporary news items about the production add uncredited and unconfirmed cast members Neal Dodd, Nancy Evans, Fred Godoy, Joseph Granby, Ruth Lee, Lillian Molieri, Gabriel Peralta, Gerald Pierce, Robert Raison, Rebel Randall, Johnny Sands, and Josephine Victor.
Produced by Sam Spiegel (who then billed himself as S. P. Eagle), The Stranger was the last International Pictures Production distributed by RKO Pictures.:212 Filming took place from late September to November 21, 1945,:392 at Samuel Goldwyn Studios and Universal Studios. The film's musical score is by Bronis?aw Kaper.
Spiegel initially planned to hire John Huston to direct The Stranger. When Huston entered the military, Welles was given the chance to direct the film and prove himself able to make a film on schedule and under budget:19—something he was so eager to do that he accepted a disadvantageous contract. In September 1945 Welles and his wife Rita Hayworth signed a guarantee that Welles would owe International Pictures any of his earnings, from any source, above $50,000 a year if he did not meet his contractual obligations. He also agreed to defer to the studio in any creative dispute.:309–310 The Stranger was Welles's first job as a film director in four years.:391
Editor Ernest J. Nims was given the power to cut any material he considered extraneous from the script before shooting began. "He was the great supercutter," Welles said, "who believed that nothing should be in a movie that did not advance the story. And since most of the good stuff in my movies doesn't advance the story at all, you can imagine what a nemesis he was to me.":311–312
For directing and acting in The Stranger, Welles was to receive $2,000 a week:309–310 plus $50,000 when the film was completed, and a chance to sign a four-picture deal with International Pictures, making films of his own choosing.:379
Welles was given some degree of creative control.:19 He worked on the general rewrite of the script, wrote all of the scenes in the drugstore, and wrote scenes at the beginning of the picture that were shot but subsequently cut by Spiegel and executive producer William Goetz.:186:268 Welles had endeavored to personalize the film and develop a nightmarish tone.:2:30 There is uncertainty about how much of this material was actually shot and how much was removed. Some scenes elaborated on Meinike's flight through Latin America, shadowed by an agent named Marvales and his wife, a woman in distinctive gold earrings who is murdered by savage dogs kept by the Nazis-in-exile. A brief vestige of the sequence remains in the final release version.:199–200 In a 1982 interview, Nims said 32 pages of the script were eliminated at his suggestion, including the first 16 pages.:199
An early scene showing a meeting of Mary and Rankin was filmed but removed. She finds him in the woods, looking at the incongruous 16th century Gothic clock in the town square, and tells him it was "brought by sailing ship from the shore
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