The Red Shoes is a 1948 British drama film written, directed, and produced by the team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, known collectively as The Archers. The film is about a ballerina who joins an established ballet company and becomes the lead dancer in a new ballet called The Red Shoes, itself based on the fairy tale "The Red Shoes" by Hans Christian Andersen.
The Red Shoes | |
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original movie poster | |
Directed by | Michael Powell Emeric Pressburger |
Produced by | Michael Powell Emeric Pressburger |
Screenplay by | Michael Powell Emeric Pressburger Keith Winter (additional dialogue) |
Based on | The Red Shoes by Hans Christian Andersen |
Starring | Moira Shearer Anton Walbrook Marius Goring |
Music by | Brian Easdale |
Cinematography | Jack Cardiff |
Edited by | Reginald Mills |
Distributed by | General Film Distributors Eagle-Lion Films J. Arthur Rank Film Distributors (West Germany) |
Release date |
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Running time | 133 minutes |
Country | United Kingdom |
Language | English French |
Budget | £505,581 |
Box office | $5 million (est. US/ Canada rentals) |
The film stars Moira Shearer, Anton Walbrook, and Marius Goring, and features Robert Helpmann, Léonide Massine, and Ludmilla Tchérina, renowned dancers from the ballet world, as well as Esmond Knight and Albert Bassermann. It has original music by Brian Easdale and cinematography by Jack Cardiff, and is well regarded for its creative use of Technicolor.
At the 21st Academy Awards, The Red Shoes won awards for Best Original Score and Best Art Direction. It also had nominations for Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay and Best Film Editing. Today, it is regarded as one of the best films of Powell and Pressburger's partnership, and in 1999, it was voted the 9th greatest British film of all time by the British Film Institute. In 2017, a poll of 150 actors, directors, writers, producers and critics for Time Out magazine saw it ranked the 5th best British film ever. Filmmakers such as Brian De Palma and Martin Scorsese have named it one of their all-time favourite films.
Screenplay
At a performance by the Ballet Lermontov at Covent Garden Opera House, music student Julian is in attendance to hear the ballet score Heart of Fire, composed by his teacher, Professor Palmer. Separately present is Victoria 'Vicky' Page, a young, unknown dancer from an aristocratic background, with her aunt, Lady Neston. As Heart of Fire progresses, Julian recognises the music as one of his own compositions.
During the performance, Professor Palmer receives an invitation to an after-ballet party at Lady Neston's residence, also asking Boris Lermontov, the company impresario, to attend. Julian leaves the performance in disillusionment at his professor's plagiarism of his music. Lermontov and Vicki meet, and he invites her to a rehearsal of the company.
Julian has written to Lermontov to explain the circumstances behind Heart of Fire, but then tries to retrieve the letter. Lermontov's assistant Dimitri thwarts all attempts by Julian to gain entry to Lermontov's suite, but finally Lermontov gives Julian an audience. Julian says that he wishes to retrieve his letter before Lermontov has seen it, except that Lermontov has already read the letter.
Lermontov asks Julian to play one of his own works at the piano. After hearing Julian play, he hires him as a répétiteur for the company orchestra and assistant to the company's conductor, Livingstone Montague (known colloquially to the company as 'Livy'). Lermontov realises that Julian was the true composer of Heart of Fire.
Julian and Vicky arrive for work at the Ballet Lermontov on the same day. Later, Vicky dances with Ballet Rambert in a matinee performance of Swan Lake at the Mercury Theatre, Notting Hill Gate, in a production with a company led by Marie Rambert (who appears in the film as herself in a wordless cameo). Lermontov realises her potential and invites Vicky to go with Ballet Lermontov to Paris and Monte Carlo. He decides to create a starring role for her in a new ballet, The Red Shoes, for which Julian provides the music.
The Red Shoes ballet is a great success, and Lermontov revitalizes the company's repertoire with Vicky in the lead roles, with Julian composing some of the most successful scores. In the meantime, Vicky and Julian have fallen in love, but keep their relationship a secret from Lermontov.
Lermontov begins to have personal feelings toward Vicky and becomes resentful of the relationship between Vicky and Julian after he learns of their romance. Lermontov fires Julian, and Vicky leaves the company with him. They marry and live in London, where Julian works on composing a new opera.
Some time later, Vicky receives a visit from Lermontov, who convinces her to return to the company to dance in a revival of The Red Shoes. On opening night, Julian appears in her dressing room; he has left the premiere of his opera at Covent Garden to take her back with him. Lermontov arrives, and he and Julian contend for Vicky's affections. Torn between her love for Julian and her need to dance, she cannot decide what to do. Julian, realising that he has lost her, leaves for the railway station, and Lermontov consoles Vicky, urging her to dance.
While being escorted to the stage and wearing the red shoes, Vicky, apparently under the influence of the shoes, runs out of the theatre. Julian, on the platform of the railway station, runs towards her. Vicky jumps from a balcony and falls in front of an approaching train.
Shaken, Lermontov appears before the audience to announce that, "Miss Page is unable to dance tonight – nor indeed any other night". As a mark of respect, the company performs The Red Shoes with a spotlight on the empty space where Vicky would have been.
While lying close to death on a stretcher, Vicky asks Julian to remove the red shoes, just as in the end of The Red Shoes ballet.
The ballet roughly follows the Hans Christian Andersen story upon which it is based. A young woman sees a pair of red shoes in a shop window, which are offered to her by the demonic Shoemaker. She puts them on and begins to dance with her boyfriend. They go to a carnival, where she seemingly forgets about the boyfriend as she dances with every man she comes across. Her boyfriend is carried away and nothing is left of him but his image on a piece of cellophane, which she tramples.
She attempts to return home to her mother, but the red shoes, controlled by the Shoemaker, keep her dancing. She falls into a netherworld, where she dances with a piece of newspaper which turns briefly into her boyfriend. She is then beset by grotesque creatures, including the Shoemaker, who converge upon her in a manner reminiscent of The Rite of Spring. They abruptly disappear, leaving her alone. No matter where she flees, the shoes refuse to stop dancing.
Near death from exhaustion, clothed in rags, she finds herself in front of a church where a funeral is in progress. The priest offers to help her. She motions to him to remove the shoes, and as he does so, she dies. He carries her into the church, and the Shoemaker retrieves the shoes, to be offered to his next victim.
Australian ballet star Robert Helpmann choreographed the ballet, played the role of the lead dancer of the Ballet Lermontov and danced the part of the boyfriend. Léonide Massine created his own choreography for his role as the Shoemaker. Brian Easdale composed the original music for the film, including the full ballet of The Red Shoes. Easdale conducted most of the music in the film, except for the Ballet of the Red Shoes, where Sir Thomas Beecham conducted the score and received prominent screen credit. Beecham's Royal Philharmonic Orchestra was the featured orchestra for the film. Easdale received the 1948 Academy Award for Best Original Score, the first British film composer so honoured.
This article contains a list of miscellaneous information. (May 2017) |
- One point of discussion, with respect to plot inconsistency in the story, comes near the end of the film, when Vicki jumps off the balcony, and she is wearing the same red shoes she wears in the ballet. We see her wearing them as she is preparing in her dressing room for the opening of the revival of The Red Shoes, before the confrontation between Julian and Lermontov, despite the fact that in the performance her character does not put them on until part way through the ballet. Powell and Pressburger themselves discussed this situation and it has been much discussed since. Powell decided that it was artistically "right" for Vicky to be wearing the red shoes at that point because if she is not wearing them, it takes away the ambiguity over why she died. In terms of strict plot mechanics, one other rationalisation is that Vicky is 'warming up' a fresh pair of red shoes for the performance.
- In his memoir, Powell erroneously remembered Livy's full name as "Sir Edmund Livingstone", whereas one shot in the film of a roster of the company clearly shows Livy's name as "Mr Livingstone Montague".
- Moira Shearer (Victoria Page)
- Marius Goring (Julian Craster)
- Anton Walbrook (Boris Lermontov)
- Léonide Massine (Grischa Ljubov)
- Robert Helpmann (Ivan Boleslawsky)
- Albert Bassermann (Sergei Ratov)
- Ludmilla Tchérina (Irina Boronskaya)
- Esmond Knight (Livingstone 'Livy' Montague)
- Austin Trevor (Professor Palmer)
- Jean Short (Terry)
- Gordon Littman (Ike)
- Eric Berry (Dimitri)
- Irene Browne (Lady Neston)
- Jerry Verno (Stage Door Keeper)
- Yvonne Andre (Vicky's Dresser)
Cast notes:
- The role of Boris Lermontov, played by Anton Walbrook, was inspired in part by Sergei Diaghilev, the impresario who founded the Ballets Russes, although there are also aspects about him drawn from the personalities of producer J. Arthur Rank and even director Michael Powell himself.
- The particular episode in Diaghilev's life that is said to have inspired the characterisation is his seeing the 14-year-old Diana Gould partnering Frederick Ashton in the premiere of his first ballet, Leda and the Swan. On the basis of this, Diaghilev invited her to join his company, but he died before that plan could come about.
Pressburger originally wrote the screenplay for Alexander Korda as a vehicle for Korda's future wife Merle Oberon. After some years had passed without the film being made, Powell and Pressburger rewrote the screenplay, including more emphasis on dancing, and produced it themselves.
Powell and Pressburger decided early on that they had to use dancers who could act rather than actors who could dance a bit. To create a realistic feeling of a ballet company at work, and to be able to include a fifteen-minute ballet as the high point of the film, they created their own ballet company using many dancers from The Royal Ballet. The principal dancers were Robert Helpmann (who also choreographed the main ballet), Léonide Massine (who also choreographed the role of The Shoemaker), Ludmilla Tchérina and Moira Shearer.
The Red Shoes received positive reviews, but did not make much money at first in the UK, because the Rank Organisation could not afford to spend much on promotion due to severe financial p
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