The Great Train Robbery is a 1903 American silent short Western film written, produced, and directed by Edwin S. Porter, a former Edison Studios cameraman. Actors in the movie included Alfred C. Abadie, Broncho Billy Anderson and Justus D. Barnes, although there were no credits. Though a Western, it was filmed in Milltown, New Jersey. The film was inspired by Scott Marble's 1896 stage play, and may also have been inspired by a 1900 train robbery perpetrated by Butch Cassidy.
The Great Train Robbery | |
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The bandits coming under fire while attempting to escape with the loot. | |
Directed by | Edwin S. Porter |
Produced by | Edwin S. Porter |
Screenplay by | Edwin S. Porter |
Based on | "The Great Train Robbery" by Scott Marble |
Starring | Alfred C. Abadie Broncho Billy Anderson Justus D. Barnes Walter Cameron |
Cinematography | Jacob Blair Smith Edwin S. Porter |
Edited by | Edwin S. Porter |
Distributed by | Warner Bros. (as. Edison Manufacturing Company) Kleine Optical Company |
Release date |
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Running time |
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Country | United States |
Language | Silent English intertitles |
Budget | $150 |
At twelve minutes long, The Great Train Robbery film is considered a milestone in film making, expanding on Porter's previous work Life of an American Fireman. The film used a number of then-unconventional techniques, including composite editing, on-location shooting, and frequent camera movement. The film is one of the earliest to use the technique of cross cutting, in which two scenes are shown to be occurring simultaneously but in different locations. Some prints were also hand colored in certain scenes. Techniques used in The Great Train Robbery were inspired by those used in Frank Mottershaw's British film A Daring Daylight Burglary, released earlier in the year. Film historians now largely consider The Great Train Robbery to be the first American action film and the first Western film with a "recognizable form".
In 1990, The Great Train Robbery was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Screenplay
The film opens with two bandits breaking into a railroad telegraph office, where they force the operator at gunpoint to have a train stopped and to transmit orders for the engineer to fill the locomotive's tender at the station's water tank. They then knock the operator out and tie him up. As the train stops it is boarded by the bandits?—?now four. Two bandits enter an express car, kill a messenger and open a box of valuables with dynamite; the others kill the fireman and force the engineer to halt the train and disconnect the locomotive. The bandits then force the passengers off the train and rifle them for their belongings. One passenger tries to escape but is instantly shot down. Carrying their loot, the bandits escape in the locomotive, later stopping in a valley where their horses had been left.
Meanwhile, back in the telegraph office, the bound operator awakens, but he collapses again. His daughter arrives bringing him his meal and cuts him free, and restores him to consciousness by dousing him with water.
There is some comic relief at a dance hall, where an Eastern stranger is forced to dance while the locals fire at his feet. The door suddenly opens and the telegraph operator rushes in to tell them of the robbery. The men quickly form a posse, which overtakes the bandits, and in a final shootout kills them all and recovers the stolen mail.
An additional scene of the film presents a medium close-up of the leader of the bandits, played by Justus D. Barnes, who empties his pistol point-blank directly into the camera. The scene is not directly related to anything in the main narrative, and is described as "Realism" by the accompanying letter from Edison Manufacturing. Although it is usually placed at the end, Porter stated that the scene could also appear at the beginning of the film.
The media historian James Chapman observed that the sequence may have inspired the gun barrel sequence from the James Bond films.
- Alfred C. Abadie as a sheriff
- Broncho Billy Anderson as a bandit / the shot passenger / the "Tenderfoot Dancer"
- Justus D. Barnes as the bandit who fires at the camera
- Walter Cameron as a sheriff
- Donald Gallaher as a little boy
- Frank Hanaway as a bandit
- Adam Charles Hayman as a bandit
- Tom London as the locomotive engineer
- John Manus Dougherty, Sr. as the fourth bandit
- Robert Milasch as a trainman / bandit
- Marie Murray as a dance-hall dancer
- Mary Snow as a little girl
- George Barnes (uncredited)
- Morgan Jones (uncredited)
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2015) |
Porter's film was shot at the Edison studios in New York City, on location in New Jersey at the South Mountain Reservation, part of the modern Essex County Park system, as well as along the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad. Filmed during November 1903, the picture was advertised as available for sale to distributors in December of that same year.
Though shot in black and white, certain sections of print were hand-colored (for example, the pink and orange vault explosion, the colored dresses in the dance hall sequence, and the green shirt in the film's final shot).
The Great Train Robbery had its official debut at Huber's Museum in New York City before being exhibited at eleven theaters elsewhere in the city. In advertising for the film, Edison agents touted the film as "...absolutely the superior of any moving picture ever made" as well as a "...faithful imitation of the genuine 'Hold Ups' made famous by various outlaw bands in the far West..."
The film's budget was an estimated $150, equal to $4086 today. Upon its release, The Great Train Robbery became a massive success and is considered one of the first Western films. It is also considered one of the first blockbusters and was one of the most popular films of the silent era until the release of The Birth of a Nation in 1915.
The success of The Great Train Robbery inspired several similar films. The first (premiering less than a year later, in August 1904) was a remake of the same name directed by Siegmund Lubin. It has been called the first film remake (at the time, copyright protection for motion pictures was legally murky and illegally copied prints and unauthorized remakes abounded. It wasn't until the 1912 Townsend Amendment to the Copyright Act of 1909 that motion pictures were specifically defined as a protected work).
The film also inspired numerous imitators, including The Bold Bank Robbery (1904, also produced by Lubin) and The Hold-Up Of The Rocky Mountain Express (1906). Porter himself tried to re-capture his previous success with The Life of an American Cowboy (1906) and a parody of The Great Train Robbery titled The Little Train Robbery (1905), with an all-child cast (in which a larger gang of bandits holds up a mini train to steal their dolls an
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