The Great Escape is a 1963 American World War II epic film that depicts an escape by British Commonwealth prisoners of war from a German POW camp. The film stars Steve McQueen, James Garner, and Richard Attenborough and features James Donald, Charles Bronson, Donald Pleasence, James Coburn, and Hannes Messemer. It was filmed in Panavision.
The Great Escape | |
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Theatrical release poster by Frank McCarthy | |
Directed by | John Sturges |
Produced by | John Sturges |
Screenplay by |
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Based on | The Great Escape by Paul Brickhill |
Starring |
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Music by | Elmer Bernstein |
Cinematography |
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Edited by | Ferris Webster |
Production company | The Mirisch Company |
Distributed by | United Artists |
Release date |
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Running time | 172 minutes |
Country | United States |
Language |
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Budget | $3.8 million |
Box office | $11,744,471 |
The film is based on Paul Brickhill's 1950 book of the same name, a non-fiction first-hand account of the mass escape from Stalag Luft III in Sagan (now ?aga?, Poland), in the province of Lower Silesia, Nazi Germany. A heavily fictionalised version of the escape is depicted in the film.
The film was based on the real events but with numerous compromises for its commercial appeal, such as including Americans among the escapees (none of whom were actually American). The characters are based on real men, and in some cases are composites of several men. However, many details of the actual escape attempt were changed for the film, and the role of American personnel in both the planning and the escape was largely fabricated. The Great Escape was made by The Mirisch Company, released by United Artists, and produced and directed by John Sturges.
The film had its Royal World Premiere at the Odeon Leicester Square in London's West End on 20 June 1963.
Screenplay
In 1943, after having recaptured escaped Allied POWs, the Germans move those still-determined-to-escape-again POWs (under their senior British officer, Group Captain Ramsey) to a new, high-security prisoner of war camp under the supervision of Luftwaffe Colonel von Luger. Meanwhile, Gestapo agents Kuhn and Preissen and SS Lieutenant Dietrich bring RAF Squadron Leader Roger Bartlett to the camp. Known as "Big X", Bartlett is introduced as the principal escape organiser. As Kuhn leaves, he warns Bartlett that if he escapes again, he will be shot. Bartlett remains defiant and immediately plans the greatest escape ever attempted, with tunnels to break out 250 prisoners.
The POWs organise into teams. Flight Lieutenant Robert Hendley is "the scrounger" who finds needed materials, from a camera to clothes and identity cards. Australian Flying Officer Louis Sedgwick, "the manufacturer", makes tools like picks for digging and bellows for pumping air into the tunnels. Flight Lieutenants Danny Velinski and William "Willie" Dickes are "the tunnel kings" in charge of the digging. Flight Lieutenant Andrew MacDonald acts as intelligence provider and Bartlett's second-in-command. Lieutenant Commander Eric Ashley-Pitt of the Royal Navy devises a method of spreading soil from the tunnels over the camp, under the guards' noses. Flight Lieutenant Griffith acts as "the tailor", creating civilian outfits from scavenged cloth. Forgery is handled by Flight Lieutenant Colin Blythe. The prisoners work on three tunnels simultaneously, calling them "Tom", "Dick", and "Harry".
USAAF Captain Virgil Hilts, the "Cooler King", irritates guards with frequent escape attempts and irreverence. Hilts and his Scottish friend, RAF Flying Officer Archibald "Archie" Ives, conceive an escape attempt through a short tunnel at a blind spot near the edge of the camp, a proposal which is accepted by Bartlett on the grounds that vetoing every independent escape attempt would raise suspicion of the planned collective escape attempt. Hilts and Ives are caught and returned to the "cooler". Upon release from the cooler, Bartlett requests that Hilts use his next escape attempt as an opportunity to reconnoiter the area immediately surrounding the camp; Hilts turns down Bartlett's request but does assist the prisoners as a scrounger. Meanwhile, Hendley forms a friendship with German guard Werner, which he exploits to smuggle documents and other items of importance to the prisoners. Soon, Bartlett orders "Dick" and "Harry" to be sealed off, as "Tom" is closest to completion.
While the POWs enjoy a 4th of July celebration arranged by the three Americans in the camp, the guards discover "Tom". The mood drops to despair, and Ives frantically climbs the barbed wire surrounding the camp, to be shot dead. The prisoners switch their efforts to "Harry", and Hilts agrees to reconnoiter outside the camp and allow himself to be recaptured. The information he brings back is used to create maps to guide the escapees. Blythe becomes nearly blind due to progressive myopia caused by intricate work by candlelight; Hendley takes it upon himself to be Blythe's guide in the escape.
The last part of the tunnel is completed on the scheduled night, but it proves to be twenty feet short of the woods. Knowing there are no other options, Bartlett orders the escape to go ahead, and Hilts improvises a rope signal system to allow them to exit the tunnel between sweeps of the guards on patrol. Seventy-six prisoners escape, aided by an air-raid blackout: once back on the rope, however, Griffith impatiently exits the tunnel in view of the guards, and the escape is discovered.
After attempts to reach neutral Switzerland, Sweden, or Spain, almost all the POWs are recaptured or killed. Hendley and Blythe steal a plane to fly over the Swiss border, but the engine fails, and they crash-land. Soldiers surround them and Blythe, his eyesight damaged, stands and is shot. As he dies, he thanks Hendley for getting him out.
When Bartlett is recognized in a railway station by Kuhn, Ashley-Pitt rushes Kuhn and shoots him, but is killed while attempting to flee. The resulting confusion allows Bartlett and MacDonald to slip away, but they are later caught as well. Hilts steals a motorcycle at a checkpoint and is pursued by German soldiers. He jumps a first-line barbed wire fence at the German-Swiss border; but before he's able to jump the second-line fence, the motorcycle is shot, causing him to become entangled in the bigger, second line of the fence and be captured.
Three truckloads of recaptured POWs are driven down a country road and split off in three directions. The trucks stop in a field, and the POWs, which include Bartlett, MacDonald, Cavendish and Haynes, are told to get out to "stretch their legs". The prisoners are shot dead under the pretense that they were trying to escape. In all, 50 escapees are murdered; Hendley and 10 others are returned to the camp.
Only three POWs make it to safety: Danny and Willie steal a rowboat and proceed downriver to the Baltic coast, where they board a Swedish merchant ship. Sedgwick makes it to France, where he is guided by the Resistance to Spain. Hilts is returned to the camp and taken back to the cooler, just as Von Luger is relieved of command of the camp by SS Lieutenant Steinach, with the indication that he will be executed for having failed to prevent the breakout. The film closes with a caption reading, "This picture is dedicated to the fifty".
- Steve McQueen as Hilts "The Cooler King"
- James Garner as Hendley "The Scrounger"
- Richard Attenborough as Bartlett "Big X"
- James Donald as Ramsey "The SBO"
- Charles Bronson as Danny "Tunnel King"
- Donald Pleasence as Blythe "The Forger"
- James Coburn as Sedgwick "Manufacturer"
- Hannes Messemer as Von Luger "The Kommandant"
- David McCallum as Ashley-Pitt "Dispersal"
- Gordon Jackson as MacDonald "Intelligence"
- John Leyton as Willie "Tunnel King"
- Angus Lennie as Ives "The Mole"
- Nigel Stock as Cavendish "The Surveyor"
- Robert Graf as Werner "The Ferret"
- Jud Taylor as 2nd Lt. Goff
- Hans Reiser as Kuhn (Gestapo)
- Harry Riebauer as Stabsfeldwebel Strachwitz
- William Russell as Sorren
- Robert Freitag as Hauptmann Posen
- Ulrich Beiger as Preissen
- George Mikell as SS Obersturmführer Dietrich
- Lawrence Montaigne as Haynes "Diversions"
- Robert Desmond as Griffith "Tailor"
- Til Kiwe as Frick
- Heinz Weiss as Kramer
- Tom Adams as Dai Nimmo "Diversions"
- Karl-Otto Alberty as SS Untersturmführer Steinach
Adaptation
The story was adapted by James Clavell, W. R. Burnett, and Walter Newman from Paul Brickhill's book The Great Escape. Brickhill had been a prisoner at Stalag Luft III during World War II. In the book, Brickhill noted he had been a very minor member of the X Organization, one of the "stooges" who monitored German movements in the POW compound.
The film was to a significant extent fictional, based on real events but with numerous changes made to increase its drama and appeal, and as a vehicle for its box-office stars. While some of its characters were fictitious, most were amalgams of several real characters and others based on real people.
In reality there were no escapes by aircraft or motorcycle: the motorcycle sequence was asked for by McQueen, a keen motorcyclist, who did the stunt riding himself (except for the final jump, done by Bud Ekins). Nor were the recaptured prisoners executed in one place at the same time.
The screenwriters significantly increased the involvement of American POWs; the real escape was by largely British and other Allied personnel. A few American officers in the camp initially helped dig the tunnels, and worked on the early plans; however, they were moved away seven months before the escape, ending their involvement.
In addition, the film suggests the three prisoners who escaped to freedom were British, Polish, and Australian; in reality, they were Norwegian (Jens Müller and Per Bergsland) and Dutch (Bram van der Stok).
The film omits to mention the crucial role Canadians played in building the tunnels and in the escape itself. Of the 1,800 or so POWs, 600 were involved in preparations out of which 150 were Canadian. Wally Floody, an RCAF pilot and mining engineer who was the real-life "tunnel king," was engaged as a technical advisor for the film.
Ex-POWs asked film-makers to exclude details about the help they received from their home countries, such as maps, papers, and tools hidden in gift packages, lest it jeopardise future POW escapes. The film-makers complied.
The film omits to mention that many Germans willingly helped in the escape itself. The film suggests that the forgers were able to make near-exact replicas of just about any pass that was used in Nazi Germany. In reality, the forgers received a great deal of assistance from Germans who lived many hundreds of miles away on the other side of the country. Several German guards, who were openly anti-Nazi, also willingly gave the prisoners items, and assistance in any way to aid their escape.
The need for such accuracy produced much eyestrain, but unlike in the film, there were no cases of blindness. Some, such as Frank Knight, gave up forging because of the strain, but he certainly did not suffer the same ocular fate as the character of Colin Blythe in the film.
Casting
Steve McQueen, in a role based on at least three pilots, David M. Jones, John Dortch Lewis, and William Ash,
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