Seven Samurai (???? Shichinin no Samurai) is a 1954 Japanese epic samurai drama film co-written, edited, and directed by Akira Kurosawa. The story takes place in 1586 during the Sengoku Period of Japanese history. It follows the story of a village of farmers that hire seven r?nin (masterless samurai) to combat bandits who will return after the harvest to steal their crops.
Seven Samurai | |
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Theatrical release poster | |
Directed by | Akira Kurosawa |
Produced by | S?jir? Motoki |
Screenplay by |
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Starring |
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Music by | Fumio Hayasaka |
Cinematography | Asakazu Nakai |
Edited by | Akira Kurosawa |
Production company | Toho |
Distributed by | Toho |
Release date |
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Running time | 207 minutes |
Country | Japan |
Language | Japanese |
Budget | ¥125 million ($1.1 million) |
Box office | ¥268 million ($2.3 million) |
Since its release, Seven Samurai has consistently ranked highly in critics' lists of the greatest films, such as the BFI's Sight & Sound and Rotten Tomatoes polls. It was also voted the greatest foreign-language film in BBC's 2018 international critics' poll. It has remained highly influential, often seen as one of the most "remade, reworked, referenced" films in cinema.
Screenplay
Part One
Bandits discuss raiding a mountain village, but their chief decides to wait until after the harvest inasmuch as they had raided it fairly recently. The plan is inadvertently overheard by a farmer, whereupon the villagers ask Gisaku, the village elder and miller, for advice. He states that he once saw a village that had hired samurai had remain untouched by raiders, and declares they should hire samurai to defend themselves. Since they have no money, Gisaku advises them to find hungry samurai.
After having little success initially, the scouting group watches Kambei, an aging but experienced r?nin, rescue a young boy who had been taken hostage by a thief. A young samurai named Katsushir? asks to become Kambei's disciple. The villagers then ask for help, and after initial reluctance, Kambei agrees. He recruits his old friend Shichir?ji and, with Katsushir?'s assistance, three other samurai: the friendly, wily Gorobei; the good-willed Heihachi; and Ky?z?, a taciturn master swordsman whom Katsushir? regards with awe. Although inexperienced, Katsushir? is accepted because time is short. Kikuchiyo, a man who carries a family scroll that he claims proves he is a samurai (though the birth date on it is for a young child), follows the group despite attempts to drive him away.
On arrival, the samurai find the villagers cowering in their homes, refusing to greet them. Feeling insulted by such a cold reception, Kikuchiyo rings the village alarm bell, prompting the villagers to come out of hiding. The samurai are both pleased and amused by this, and accept him as a comrade-in-arms. Slowly the samurai and farmers begin to trust each other as they train together. Katsushir? forms a relationship with Shino, a farmer's daughter, who had been masquerading as a boy for protection from the supposedly lustful samurai. However, the six samurai are angered when Kikuchiyo brings them armor and weapons, which the villagers most likely acquired by killing injured or dying samurai. Kikuchiyo retorts that samurai are responsible for battles, raids, taxation and forced labor that devastate the villagers' lives. By so doing, he reveals his origin as an orphaned farmer's son. The samurais' anger turns to shame.
Part Two
Three bandit scouts are spotted. Two are killed, while another reveals the location of their camp. Against the wishes of the samurai, the villagers kill the prisoner. The samurai burn down the bandits' camp in a pre-emptive strike. Rikichi, a troubled villager who helps the samurai, breaks down when he sees his wife, who had apparently been kidnapped and made a concubine in a previous raid. On seeing Rikichi, she walks back into her burning hut. Heihachi is killed trying to save Rikichi, whose grief is compounded.
When the bandits finally attack, they are confounded by new fortifications, including a moat and wooden fence. Several bandits are killed according to Kambei's plan: The bandits are allowed to enter the village singly, to be hunted down and killed by groups of farmers armed with bamboo spears. Gisaku refuses to abandon his mill on the outskirts of the village and perishes with his family, who tried to save him. A lone baby is rescued by Kikuchiyo, who breaks down in tears, as it reminds him of his own childhood.
The bandits possess three Japanese matchlock firearms. Ky?z? ventures out alone and returns with one. An envious Kikuchiyo abandons his post—and his contingent of farmers—to bring back another. He is chastised by Kambei because, while he was gone, the bandits killed some of his farmers. The bandits attack again, and Gorobei is slain. That night, Kambei predicts that, due to their dwindling numbers, the bandits will make one last all-out attack. Meanwhile, Katsushir? and Shino's relationship is discovered by her father. He hits her until Kambei and the villagers intervene. Shichir?ji calms everyone down by saying the couple should be forgiven because they are young and that before any battle, passions can run high.
The next morning in a torrential downpour, Kambei orders that the remaining thirteen bandits be allowed into the village. As the battle winds down, their leader, armed with a gun, enters the women's hut, from where he shoots Ky?z?. An enraged Kikuchiyo charges the hut; he is shot, but kills the bandit chief before dying.
The three surviving samurai watch as the joyful villagers sing whilst planting their crops. Kambei—standing beneath the funeral mounds of their four comrades—reflects that it is another pyrrhic victory for the samurai: "In the end we lost this battle too. The victory belongs to the farmers, not to us."
The seven samurai
- Takashi Shimura as Kambei Shimada (????? Shimada Kanbei), a r?nin and the leader of the group
- Yoshio Inaba as Gor?bei Katayama (?????? Katayama Gor?bei), a skilled archer recruited by Kambei. He acts as second-in-command and helps create the master plan for the village's defense.
- Daisuke Kat? as Shichir?ji (???), an old friend of Kambei and his former lieutenant
- Seiji Miyaguchi as Ky?z? (??), a serious, stone-faced samurai and supremely skilled swordsman
- Minoru Chiaki as Heihachi Hayashida (???? Hayashida Heihachi), an amiable though less-skilled fighter. His charm and wit maintain his comrades' good cheer in the face of adversity.
- Isao Kimura as Katsushir? Okamoto (????? Okamoto Katsushir?), a young untested warrior. The son of a wealthy landowner samurai, he left home to become a wandering samurai against his family's wishes.
- Toshiro Mifune as Kikuchiyo (???), a humorous, though mercurial and temperamental, character who initially claims to be a samurai
Villagers
- Yoshio Tsuchiya as Rikichi (??), a hotheaded and relatively young villager
- Bokuzen Hidari as Yohei (??), a very timid old man who shares some comic scenes with Kikuchiyo
- Yukiko Shimazaki as Rikichi's wife
- Kamatari Fujiwara as Manz? (??), a farmer who disguises his daughter as a man to try to protect her from the samurai
- Keiko Tsushima as Shino (??), Manz?'s daughter
- Kokuten K?d? as Gisaku (??), the elder miller and village patriarch, referred to as "Grandad"
- Yoshio Kosugi as Mosuke, one of the farmers sent to town to hire samurai
Others
- Shinpei Takagi as the bandit chief
- Shin Otomo as the bandit second-in-command
- Haruo Nakajima as a bandit
- Eijir? T?no as a thief
- Atsushi Watanabe as a bun seller
- Jun Tatara as a coolie
- Sachio Sakai as a coolie
- Takeshi Seki as a coolie
- Tatsuya Nakadai as a samurai wandering through town (uncredited)
Akira Kurosawa had originally wanted to direct a film about a single day in the life of a samurai. Later, in the course of his research, he discovered a story about samurai defending farmers. According to actor Toshiro Mifune, the film was originally going to be called Six Samurai, with Mifune playing the role of Kyuzo. During the six-week scriptwriting process, Kurosawa and his screenwriters realized that "six sober samurai were a bore—they needed a character that was more off-the-wall". Kurosawa recast Mifune as Kikuchiyo and gave him creative license to improvise actions in his performance.
The film took a year to complete. It had become a topic of wide discussion long before it was released. After three months of pre-production the film had 148 shooting days spread out over a year—four times the span covered in the original budget, which eventually came to almost half a million dollars. Toho Studios closed down production at least twice. Each time, Kurosawa calmly went fishing, reasoning that the studio had already heavily invested in the production and would allow him to complete the picture. The film's final battle scene, originally scheduled to be shot at the end of summer, was shot in February in near-freezing temperatures. Mifune later recalled that he had never been so cold in his life.
Writing
Kurosawa and the writers were innovative in refining the theme of the assembly of heroic characters to perform a mission. According to Michael Jeck's DVD commentary, Seven Samurai was among the first films to use the now-common plot element of the recruiting and gathering of heroes into a team to accomplish a specific goal, a device used in later films such as The Guns of Navarone, Sholay, the western remake The Magnificent Seven, and Pixar's animated film A Bug's Life. Film critic Roger Ebert speculates in his review that the sequence introducing the leader Kambei (in which the samurai shaves off his topknot, a sign of honor among samurai, in order to pose as a monk to rescue a boy from a kidnapper) could be the origin of the practice, now common in action movies, of introducing the main hero with an undertaking unrelated to the main plot. Other plot devices such as the reluctant hero, romance between a local woman and the youngest hero, and the nervousness of the common citizenry had appeared in other films before this but were combined in this film.
Set design
Kurosawa refused to shoot the peasant village at Toho Studios and had a complete set constructed at Tagata on the Izu Peninsula, Shizuoka. Although the studio protested the increased production costs, Kurosawa was adamant that "the quality of the set influences the quality of the actors' performances... For this reason, I have the sets made exactly like the real thing. It restricts the shooting but encourages that feeling of authenticity." He also spoke of 'intense labour' of making the film: "It rained all the time, we didn't have enough horses. It was just the kind of picture that is impossible to make in this country."<
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