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Raja Harishchandra

This article is about a feature film made by Dadasaheb Phalke in 1913. For a short film made by Phalke in 1917, see Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra. For the feature film made in Calcutta in 1917, see Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra.
Raja Harischandra
Publicity poster for film, Raja Harishchandra (1913).jpg
Publicity poster for film show at the Coronation Cinema, Girgaon, Mumbai
Directed by Dadasaheb Phalke
Produced by Dadasaheb Phalke
Screenplay by Dadasaheb Phalke
Starring
  • Dattatraya Dabke
  • Anna Salunke
  • Bhalchandra Phalke
  • Gajanan Sane
Cinematography Trymbak B. Telang
Edited by Dadasaheb Phalke
Production
company
Phalke's Films
Release date
  • 3 May 1913 (1913-05-03)
Running time
 40 minutes
Country India
Language Silent

Raja Harishchandra (lit.?King Harishchandra) is a 1913 Indian silent film, directed and produced by Dadasaheb Phalke. It is often considered the first full-length Indian feature film. Raja Harishchandra features Dattatraya Damodar Dabke, Anna Salunke, Bhalchandra Phalke, and Gajanan Vasudev Sane and is based on the legend of Harishchandra, recounted in the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The film, being silent, had English and Hindi language intertitles.

Phalke decided to make a feature film after watching The Life of Christ (1906) at a theatre in Mumbai, formerly known as Bombay. He went to London for two weeks to learn filmmaking techniques and founded Phalke Films. He imported the hardware required for the filmmaking and exhibition from England, France, Germany, and the United States. Phalke shot a short film Ankurachi Wadh (Growth of a Pea Plant) to attract investors for his venture. He published advertisements in various newspapers calling for the cast and crew. As no women were available to play female leads, male actors performed the female roles. Phalke was in charge of scriptment, direction, production design, make-up, editing, along with film processing. Trymbak B. Telang handled the camera. Phalke completed filming in six months and 27 days producing a film of 3,700 feet, about four reels.

The film premiered at the Olympia Theatre, Mumbai on 21 April 1913, and had its theatrical release on Saturday, 3 May 1913 at the Coronation Cinema, Girgaon, Mumbai. It was a commercial success and laid the foundation for the film industry in the country. The film is partially lost; only the first and last reels of the film are preserved at the National Film Archive of India. Some film historians believe they belong to a 1917 remake of the film by Phalke titled Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra.

The status of Raja Harischandra as the first full-length Indian feature film has been debated. Some film historians consider Dadasaheb Torne's silent film Shree Pundalik, released on 18 May 1912, the maiden Indian film. The Government of India recognises Raja Harischandra as the first Indian feature film.

Contents

Plot

King Harishchandra (D. D. Dabke) is shown teaching his son, Rohitashva (Bhalchandra Phalke), how to shoot with a bow and arrow in the presence of Queen Taramati (Anna Salunke). His citizens ask the King to go on a hunting expedition. While on the hunt, he hears the cries of some women. He reaches a place where the sage Vishwamitra (Gajanan Sane) is performing the yajna to get help from Trigunashakti (three powers) against their will. The King unwittingly interrupts Vishvamitra in the midst of his yajna by releasing three powers. To appease his wrath, Harishchandra offers his kingdom. The King visits the royal palace and informs the Queen Taramati of the happenings. Vishwamitra sends Harishchandra, Taramati, and Rohitashva to arrange for the Dakshina. While in exile, Rohitashva dies. Harishchandra sends Taramati to ask the Domb King for a free cremation. On her way to meet the king, Vishwamitra frames Taramati for the murder of the prince of Kashi. Taramati faces trial, pleads guilty and is ordered to be beheaded by Harishchandra. When he raises his sword to complete his task, a pleased Lord Shiva appears. Vishwamitra reveals that he was examining Harishchandra's integrity, returns the crown to the King and rejuvenates Rohitashva.

Cast

  • Dattatraya Damodar Dabke as Harishchandra
  • Anna Salunke as Taramati, Harishchandra's wife
  • Bhalchandra Phalke as Rohitashva, son of Harishchandra and Taramati
  • Gajanan Vasudev Sane as Vishvamitra

Other artists in the film were:

  • Dattatreya Kshirsagar
  • Dattatreya Telang
  • Ganpat G. Shinde
  • Vishnu Hari Aundhkar
  • Nath T. Telang

Production

Development

While The Life of Christ was rolling fast before my physical eyes, I was mentally visualising the Gods, Shri Krishna, Shri Ramachandra, their Gokul and their Ayodhya. I was gripped by a strange spell. I bought another ticket and saw the film again. This time I felt my imagination taking shape on the screen. Could this really happen? Could we, the sons of India, ever be able to see the Indian images on the screen?
“
”

 – Phalke on watching Jesus on the screen

On 14 April 1911, Phalke with his elder son Bhalchandra went to see a film, Amazing Animals, at the America India Picture Palace, Girgaon, Mumbai. Surprised at seeing animals on the screen, Bhalchandra informed his mother, Saraswatibai, about his experience earlier that day. None of the family members believed them, so Phalke took his family to see the film the next day. As it was Easter, the theatre screened a film about Jesus, The Life of Christ (1906) by the French director Alice Guy-Blaché instead. While watching Jesus on the screen, Phalke envisioned Hindu deities Rama and Krishna instead and decided to start in the business of "moving pictures". After completing his two-week trip to London to learn filmmaking techniques, he founded "Phalke Films" on 1 April 1912.

During his London trip, Phalke had placed an order for a Williamson camera and Kodak raw films and a perforator which reached Mumbai in May 1912. He set up a processing room and taught his family to perforate and develop the film. Though Phalke was certain of his idea of filmmaking, he could not find any investors. So, he decided to make a short film to demonstrate the techniques. He planted some peas in a pot, placed a camera in front of it, and shot one frame a day for over a month. This resulted in a film, lasting just over a minute, of the seed growing, sprouting, and changing into a climber. Harishchandra titled this short film Ankurachi Wadh (Growth of a Pea Plant) and showed it to selective individuals. Some of them, including Yashwantrao Nadkarni and Narayanrao Devhare, offered Phalke a loan.

Story

 
Painting by Raja Ravi Varma, depicting Harishchandra parting with his wife and son

In his Marathi language magazine Suvarnamala, Phalke had published a story Surabaichi Kahani (A Tale of Sura). The story, which depicted the ill effects of alcoholism, was the first he considered for filming. After watching several American films screened in Mumbai, he observed they included mystery and romance which the audiences liked. Family members suggested the storyline should appeal to middle class people and women and should also highlight Indian culture. After considering various stories depicted in Hindu mythology, Phalke's family shortlisted legends of Krishna, Savitri and Satyavan, and Harishchandra. At the time, a play based on the legends of Harishchandra was popular on Marathi and Urdu stages. Friends and neighbours had often called Phalke "Harishchandra" for having sold all his belongings, except his wife's Mangala sutra, to fulfil his filmmaking dream. So, Phalke decided on the legends of Harishchandra and wrote the script for his feature film.

Casting

Wanted actors, carpenters, washermen, barbers and painters. Bipeds who are drunkards, loafers or ugly should not bother to apply for actor. It would do if those who are handsome and without physical defect are dumb. Artistes must be good actors. Those who are given to immoral living or have ungainly looks or manners should not take pains to visit.
“
”

 – Casting call published in various newspapers

Phalke published advertisements in various newspapers like Induprakash calling for the cast and crew required for the film. It was well-received and huge number of applicants came in for the auditions. Since he was making a silent film, Phalke allowed mute artists to audition. Despite a growing response to the advertisement, he was not satisfied with the performers' skills. He discontinued the advertisements and decided to scout for the artists through theatre companies.

Padurang Gadhadhar Sane and Gajanan Vasudev Sane were among the first artists to join Phalke Films. The former was playing female roles in a the Natyakala theatre company; the latter was performing in Urdu plays. Both joined for a salary of ? 40 per month. Gajanan Sane introduced his acquaintance Dattatraya Damodar Dabke. Phalke was impressed with his physique and personality and offered him the lead role of Harishchandra.

In response to the advertisement, four prostitutes auditioned for the role of Taramati. Phalke rejected them for not having satisfactory looks and revised the advertisement to read: "Only good-looking women should come for interview." Two more prostitutes auditioned but left after two days. A young lady with "passable appearance", who was a mistress, auditioned and Phalke selected her for the female lead. She rehearsed for four days. However, on the fifth day, her master objected to her working in the film and took her away. In despair, Phalke also visited Mumbai's red-light area on Grant Road in Kamathipura. He was asked either to pay a high salary or to marry the woman. One day, while having tea at a restaurant on Grant Road Phalke noticed Krishna Hari alias Anna Salunke, an effeminate young man with slender features and hands. Salunke was working as a cook or waiter at the restaurant on a monthly salary of ?10. He agreed to work in films when Phalke offered him a raise of five rupees.

Phalke auditioned many boys for the role of Rohitashva, son of Harishchandra and Taramati, but none of the parents would allow their children to work in the film as the character would have to live in the forests and was to die. Finally, Phalke's elder son Bhalchandra was assigned the role. He became the first child actor in Indian cinema.

Pre-production

Release Date :
12:00am on Thursday 1st January 2009

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