It has been suggested that this article be merged with Pashtun name. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2018. |
Total population | |
---|---|
c. 49 million (2009) | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Pakistan | 30,699,037 (2008) |
Afghanistan | 13,750,117 (2008) |
UAE | 338,315 (2009) |
United States | 138,554 (2010) |
Iran | 110,000 (1993) |
United Kingdom | 100,000 (2009) |
Germany | 37,800 (2012) |
Canada | 26,000 (2006) |
India | 13,000 (2009) |
Russia | 9,800 (2002) |
Australia | 8,154 (2006) |
Malaysia | 5,500 (2008) |
Tajikistan | 4,000 (1970) |
Languages | |
Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri In their different forms: Kandahari, Ghilji, Yusufzai, Afridi, Wazirwola | |
Religion | |
Islam (Sunni) with small Twelver Shia and Hindu minorities |
The Pashtuns (/?p???t?nz/, /?p????t?nz/ or /?pæ??tu?nz/; Pashto: ??????? Pax?t?n?; singular masculine: ????? Pax?t?n, feminine: ????? Pax?tana; also Pukhtuns), historically known as ethnic Afghans (Persian: ??????, Af??n) and Pathans (Hindustani: ?????, ????, Pa?h?n), are an Iranic ethnic group who mainly live in Afghanistan and Pakistan. They speak the Pashto language and adhere to Pashtunwali, which is a traditional set of ethics guiding individual and communal conduct. The ethnogenesis of the Pashtun ethnic group is unclear but historians have come across references to various ancient peoples called Pakthas (Pactyans) between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BC, who may be their early ancestors. Their history is mostly spread amongst the present-day countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan, centred on their traditional seat of power in that region.
Globally, the Pashtuns are estimated to number around 50 million, but an accurate count remains elusive due to the lack of an official census in Afghanistan since 1979. The majority of the Pashtuns live in the region regarded as Pashtunistan, which has been split between the two countries since the British-imposed Durand Line border was formed. There are also significant Pashtun diaspora communities in the cities of Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan, in particular Karachi and Lahore. A recent Pashtun diaspora has also developed in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, primarily in the United Arab Emirates. The Pashtuns are a significant minority group in Pakistan, where they constitute the second-largest ethnic group or about 15% of the population. As the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan (anywhere between 42 and 60 percent of the population), Pashtuns have been the dominant ethno-linguistic group for over 300 years. During the Delhi Sultanate era, the 15th–16th century Lodi dynasty briefly replaced the preexisting rulers in North India until Babur completely deposed the Lodi dynasty. Other Pashtuns fought the Safavids and Mughals before obtaining an independent state in the early 18th century, which began with a successful revolution by Mirwais Hotak followed by conquests of Ahmad Shah Durrani. The Barakzai dynasty played a vital role during the Great Game from the 19th century to the 20th century as they were caught between the imperialist designs of the British and Russian empires.
The Pashtuns are the world's largest segmentary lineage ethnic group. Estimates of the number of Pashtun tribes and clans range from about 350 to over 400. There have been many notable Pashtun people throughout history: Ahmad Shah Durrani is regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan, while Bacha Khan was a Pashtun independence activist against the rule of the British Raj. Some others include Malala Yousafzai, Imran Khan, Shah Rukh Khan, Farhad Darya, Hamid Karzai, Mullah Mohammed Omar, and Ashraf Ghani.
Contents
Geographic distribution
The vast majority of the Pashtuns are found in the traditional Pashtun homeland, located in an area south of the Amu Darya in Afghanistan, and west of the Indus River in Pakistan, which includes Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the northern part of Balochistan. Additional Pashtun communities are located in western and northern Afghanistan, the Gilgit–Baltistan and Kashmir regions, and northwestern Punjab province (Mianwali and Attock), Pakistan. There are also sizeable Muslim communities in India, which are of largely Pashtun ancestry. Throughout the Indian subcontinent, they are often referred to as Pathans. Smaller Pashtun communities are found in the countries of the Middle East, such as in the Khorasan Province of Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, Europe, North America, and Australia.
Important metropolitan centres of Pashtun culture include Peshawar, Kabul, Quetta, Kandahar, Mardan, Mingora, and Jalalabad. In Pakistan, the city of Karachi in Sindh province has the largest Pashtun diaspora communities in the world, with as much as 7 million Pashtuns living in Karachi according to some estimates. Several cities in Pakistan's Punjab province also have sizeable Pashtun populations, in particular Lahore.
About 15% of Pakistan's nearly 200 million population is Pashtun. In Afghanistan, they are the largest ethnic group and make up between 42–60% of the 32.5 million population. The exact figure remains uncertain in Afghanistan, which is also affected by the 1.3 million or more Afghan refugees that remain in Pakistan, a majority of which are Pashtuns. Another one million or more Afghans live in Iran. A cumulative population assessment suggests a total of around 49 million individuals all across the world.
Tribes
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