Orlando is a 1992 British film loosely based on Virginia Woolf's 1928 novel Orlando: A Biography, starring Tilda Swinton as Orlando, Billy Zane as Marmaduke Bonthrop Shelmerdine, and Quentin Crisp as Queen Elizabeth I. It was written and directed by Sally Potter, who also co-wrote the music for the film (with David Motion).
Orlando | |
---|---|
Promotional poster | |
Directed by | Sally Potter |
Produced by | Christopher Sheppard |
Written by | Sally Potter |
Based on | Orlando: A Biography by Virginia Woolf |
Starring |
|
Music by | David Motion Sally Potter |
Cinematography | Aleksei Rodionov |
Edited by | Hervé Schneid |
Distributed by | Sony Pictures Classics |
Release date |
|
Running time | 93 minutes |
Country | United Kingdom, France, Italy, Netherlands, Russia |
Language | English |
Budget | $4 million |
Box office | £1,519,690 (UK) $5,319,445 |
Potter chose to film much of the Constantinople portion of the book in the isolated city of Khiva in Uzbekistan, and made use of the forest of carved columns in the city's 18th century Djuma Mosque. Critics praised the film, and particularly applauded its visual treatment of the settings of Woolf's novel.
The film premiered in competition at the 49th Venice International Film Festival, and was re-released in select US cinemas in August 2010.
Screenplay
The story begins in the Elizabethan era, shortly before the death of Queen Elizabeth I. On her deathbed, the Queen promises an androgynous young nobleman named Orlando a large tract of land and a castle built on it, along with a generous monetary gift; both Orlando and his heirs would keep the land and inheritance forever, but Elizabeth will bequeath it to him only if he assents to an unusual command: "Do not fade. Do not wither. Do not grow old." Orlando acquiesces and reposes in splendid isolation in the castle for a couple of centuries, during which time he dabbles in poetry and art. His attempts to befriend a celebrated poet, however, backfire when the poet ridicules his verse. Orlando then travels to Constantinople as English ambassador to the Turks, and is almost killed in a diplomatic fracas. Waking up the next morning, he learns something startling: he has transformed into a woman.
The now Lady Orlando comes home to her estate in Middle-Eastern attire, only to learn that she faces several impending lawsuits arguing that Orlando was a woman all along and therefore has no right to the land or any of the royal inheritance that the Queen had promised. The succeeding two centuries tire Orlando out; the court case, bad luck in love, and the wars of British history eventually bring the story to the present day (i.e., the early 1990s). Orlando now has a young daughter in tow and is in search of a publisher for her book. (The literary editor who judges the work as "quite good" is portrayed by the late Heathcote Williams—the same actor who played the poet who had, earlier in the film, denigrated Orlando's poetry.) Having lived a most bizarre existence, Orlando, relaxing with her daughter and daydreaming philosophically under a tree, has finally found a tranquil niche.
Differences from the novel
Director Sally Potter described her approach to the adaptation as follows:
My task was to find a way of remaining true to the spirit of the book and to Virginia Woolf's intentions, whilst being ruthless with changing the book in any way necessary to make it work cinematically… The most immediate changes were structural. The storyline was simplified :14
The film contains some anachronisms not present in the novel. For example, upon Orlando's arrival in Constantinople in about the year 1700, England is referred to as a "green and pleasant land", a line from William Blake's Jerusalem, which in reality was not written until 1804. Also, Orlando receives a gift to celebrate the new century from Queen Anne, who had in fact not yet succeeded to the throne.
Potter argued that "whereas the novel could withstand abstraction and arbitrariness (such as Orlando's change of sex), cinema is more pragmatic.":14 She continued,
There had to be reasons—however flimsy—to propel us along a journey based itself on a kind of suspension of disbelief. Thus, Queen Elizabeth bestows Orlando's long life upon him, whereas in the book it remains unexplained. And Orlando's change of sex in the film is the result of his having reached a crisis point—a crisis of masculine identity.:14–15
At film's end, Orlando has a daughter, whereas in the novel she had a son.:15 Potter has said that she intended Orlando's breaking the fourth wall to be an equivalent to Woolf's direct addresses to her readers, and that this was her attempt at converting Woolf's literary wit into a more 'cinematic' humor.:15 One obvious similarity remained, however: the film ends in its present day, 1992,:15 just as Woolf's novel ends in its present day, 1928.
- Tilda Swinton as Orlando
- Quentin Crisp as Elizabeth I
- Jimmy Somerville as Falsetto/Angel
- John Wood as Archduke Harry
- John Bott as Orlando's father
- Elaine Banham as Orlando's mother
- Anna Farnworth as Clorinda
- Sara Mair-Thomas as Favilla
- Anna Healy as Euphrosyne
- Dudley Sutton as James I
- Simon Russell Beale as Earl of Moray
- Matthew Sim as Lord Francis Vere
- Charlotte Valandrey as Princess Sasha
- Toby Stephens as Othello
- Oleg Pogodin as Desdemona
- Heathcote Williams as Nick Greene/Publisher
- Thom Hoffman as William III
- Sarah Crowden as Mary II
- Billy Zane as Shelmerdine
- Jimmy Somerville – "Eliza Is the Fairest Queen" (composed by Edward Johnson)
- Andrew Watts with Peter Hayward on harpsichord – "Where'er You Walk" (from Semele; composed by George Frideric Handel)
- Jimmy Somerville – "Coming" (composed by Sally Potter, Jimmy Somerville, David Motion)
- Anonimous - Pavana
Portions of the following texts are used in the film:
- The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser
- Shakespeare's Othello and Sonnet 29
- "Women" ("S?rat an-Nis??") from the Quran
- The Indian Serenade and The Revolt of Islam by Percy Bysshe Shelley
When first pitching her treatment in 1984, Potter was told by "industry professionals" that the story was "unmakable, impossible, far too expensive and anyway not interesting.":16 Nevertheless, in 1988 she began writing the script and raising money.:16
Casting
Potter saw Tilda Swinton in the Manfred Karge play Man to Man and said that there was a "profound subtlety about the way she took on male body language and handled maleness and femaleness." In Potter's words, Quentin Crisp was the "Queen of Queens… particularly in the context of Virginia Woolf's gender-bending politics" and thus fit to play the aged Queen Elizabeth.
Prior to Orlando's release in the United States in June 1993, Vincent Canby wrote in an effusively positive review,
This ravishing and witty spectacle invades the mind through eyes that are dazzled without ever being anesthetized. Throughout Ms. Potter's Orlando, as in Woolf's, there a piercing kind of common sense and a joy that, because they are so rare these days in any medium, create their own kind of cinematic suspense and delightedly surprised laughter. Orlando could well become a classic of a very special kind—not mainstream perhaps—but a model for independent film makers who follow their own irrational muses, sometimes to unmourned obscurity, occasionally to glory.
Canby, however, cautions that while the novel stands on its own, he was not sure if the film does. Nevertheless, he goes on to comment that "Potter's achievement is in translating to film something of the breadth of Woolf's remarkable range of interests, not only in language and literature, but also in history, nature, weather, animals, the relation of the sexes and the very nature of the sexes."
By contrast, Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described Orlando as "hollow… smug… and self-satisfied" and complained that "any kind of emotional connection to match carefully constructed look… is simply not to be had."
By 2010, Orlando was received as part of Potter's successful oeuvre with Matthew Connelly and had one critic affirming in the very first line of his review that "arely have source material, director, and leading actress been more in alignment than in Orlando, the 1992 adaptation of Virginia Woolf's novel, directed by Sally Potter and starring Tilda Swinton . Watching Orlando some 17 years after its U. S. theatrical run, however, proves a welcome reminder of just how skillfully they marshaled their respective gifts here, how openly they entered into a dialogue with Woolf's playful, slippery text."
Rotten Tomatoes scored the film positively at 84% based on 55 reviews.
Orlando was nominated for Academy Awards for art direction (Ben Van Os, Jan Roelfs) and costume design (Sandy Powell). The film was also nominated for the 1994 Independent Spirit Awards' Best Foreign Film award. At the 29th Guldbagge Awards the film was nominated for the Best Foreign Film award.
In 2017, the film was screened numerous times as part of a multi-media arts project Orlando: The Queer Element. The project explored issues of science and gender through history and was organised by the theatre company Clay & Diamonds, in association with organisations such as The BFI and The National Trust, with funding from the Wellcome Trust and Arts Council England.
A one off immersive performance, using five actors (with some from the LGBT community), took place on Friday 24 March at the BFI Flare: London LGBT Film Festival, alongside a 25th Anniversary screening of the film.
A separate series of performances were mounted in June by Clay & Diamonds with over thirty actors from the performance training company Fourth Monkey. Together they created a site-specific piece that was performed at the National Trust venues Hanbury Hall and Knole House (the home of Virginia Woolfe’s lover, and inspiration for Orlando, Vita Sackville West). These performances were made for both the general public and school audiences, with many of the performances featuring a li
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