On the Beach is a 1959 American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama film from United Artists, produced and directed by Stanley Kramer, that stars Gregory Peck, Ava Gardner, Fred Astaire, and Anthony Perkins. This black-and-white film is based on Nevil Shute's 1957 novel of the same name depicting the aftermath of a nuclear war. Unlike the novel, no one is assigned blame for starting the war; the film hints that the threat of annihilation may have arisen from an accident or misjudgment.
On the Beach | |
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Theatrical release poster by Nicola Simbari | |
Directed by | Stanley Kramer |
Produced by | Stanley Kramer |
Screenplay by | John Paxton |
Based on | On the Beach by Nevil Shute |
Starring | Gregory Peck Ava Gardner Fred Astaire Anthony Perkins |
Music by | Ernest Gold |
Cinematography | Giuseppe Rotunno |
Edited by | Frederic Knudtson |
Production company | Lomitas Productions, Inc. |
Distributed by | United Artists |
Release date |
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Running time | 134 minutes |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Budget | $2.9 million |
Screenplay
The film is set five years in the future. In early 1964, in the months following World War III, the conflict has devastated the Northern Hemisphere, polluting the atmosphere with nuclear fallout, killing all life there. Air currents are slowly carrying the fallout south; the only areas still habitable are in the far reaches of the Southern Hemisphere.
From Australia, survivors detect an incomprehensible Morse code signal coming from the West Coast of the United States. The American nuclear submarine, USS Sawfish, now under Royal Australian Navy command, is ordered to sail north to the United States to attempt to make contact with the sender of the Morse signal. The submarine is commanded by Capt. Dwight Towers (Gregory Peck), who must leave his new friend, the alcoholic Moira Davidson (Ava Gardner).
The Australian government arranges for its citizens to receive suicide pills or prepared injections so they may end things quickly before there is prolonged suffering from radiation sickness. An Australian naval officer, Peter Holmes (Anthony Perkins) and his wife, Mary, who is in denial about the impending disaster, have a baby daughter. Assigned to travel with the American sub for several weeks, Peter tries to explain to Mary how to euthanize their baby and then kill herself should he not be home yet when the end comes; Mary reacts very emotionally to this prospect.
One scientist's theory is that the radiation level near the Arctic Ocean could be lower than that found at the mid-Northern Hemisphere, possibly indicating that the radiation could disperse before reaching the Southern Hemisphere. This theory is to be explored as part of the submarine's main mission. After sailing to Point Barrow, Alaska, they find that radiation levels are, in fact, intensifying.
Later, when Sawfish arrives in the San Francisco Bay area, the crew find a city devoid of all signs of life. Ralph Swain, a crewman who had family in San Francisco, deserts the submarine and swims ashore. Scientist Julian Osborn (Fred Astaire) informs Capt. Towers that Swain's contact with the radioactive environment will quickly make it impossible for him to return without killing everyone on board. The next morning, through the periscope, Capt. Towers observes Swain fishing in the bay and broadcasts an intercom greeting. Swain has found his parents dead and confirms that no one has survived. He apologizes for leaving, but explains that he preferred to die in his hometown rather on the other side of the world. Towers bids Swain farewell and departs for San Diego.
Near San Diego, the source of the radio signals, communications officer Lt. Sunderstrom goes ashore in a radiation and oxygen suit. He has only one hour and will be alerted by a horn blasts every 15 minutes. He discovers that the Morse signal comes from a power station, but it is not a human survivor, just a tilted Coca-Cola bottle hanging by its neck from an open window shade's pull cord; random ocean breezes bump the bottle against a "live" telegraph key, sending out random signals. Sunderstrom stands the bottle upright and uses proper Morse Code to send a message describing the bleak situation. He returns to the sub before the hour is up.
Sawfish and its crew return to Australia to enjoy what pleasures remain to them before the end. Osborn wins the Australian Grand Prix in which many racers, with nothing left to lose, die in various accidents. Dwight and Moira embark on a weekend fishing trip in the country. Retreating to the resort for the night, they share a romantic interlude inside their room as, outside, a gathering storm howls. Returning to Melbourne, Towers learns one of his crew has developed radiation sickness; the deadly radiation has arrived in Melbourne.
Osborn kills himself by carbon monoxide poisoning in his closed garage, with his racing car's engine running. Others line up to receive their suicide pills. Mary Holmes becomes emotionally unbalanced and must be sedated. Later, she regains lucidity in time for her, Peter, and their baby daughter to consume the drug offscreen.
Dwight wants to stay with Moira, but many of his remaining crew want to head for home to die in the U.S.; Commander Towers chooses his duty over his love for Moira and joins his crew as they attempt to make it back to a radioactive America. Moira watches as Sawfish leaves Australian territorial waters and submerges for the final voyage home.
Within a few days, the last pocket of humanity is dead. The empty, windblown streets of Melbourne are punctuated by the rise of dramatic, strident music over a single powerful image of a previously seen Salvation Army street banner that pleads to the world, to the future: "There is still time … Brother." Nuclear war and the end of humanity can still be prevented.
- Gregory Peck as Commander Dwight Lionel Towers, USS Sawfish
- Ava Gardner as Moira Davidson, Towers' Australian love interest
- Fred Astaire as Julian Osborn, Australian scientist
- Anthony Perkins as Lieutenant Commander Peter Holmes, Royal Australian Navy
- Donna Anderson as Mary Holmes, Peter's wife
- John Tate as Admiral Bridie, Royal Australian Navy
- Harp McGuire as Lieutenant Sunderstrom (ashore in San Diego)
- Lola Brooks as Lieutenant Hosgood, Bridie's secretary
- Ken Wayne as Lieutenant Benson
- Guy Doleman as Lieutenant Commander Farrel
- Richard Meikle as Davis
- John Meillon as Sawfish crewman Ralph Swain (ashore in San Francisco)
- Joe McCormick as Ackerman, radiation sickness victim
- Lou Vernon as Bill Davidson, Moira's father
- Kevin Brennan as Dr. King, radiation diagnosis doctor
- Keith Eden as Dr. Fletcher (beach scene)
- Basil Buller-Murphy as Sir Douglas Froude
- Brian James as Royal Australian Navy officer
- John Casson as Salvation Army captain
- Paddy Moran as Stevens (club wine steward)
- Grant Taylor as Morgan (Holmes party)
- George Fairfax (Holmes party guest)
- Earl Francis (Holmes party guest)
- Cary Peck (uncredited)
As in the novel, much of On the Beach takes place in Melbourne, close to the southernmost part of the Australian mainland. Principal photography took place from mid-January to March 27, 1959 in Australia. Beach scenes were filmed at the foreshore of Cowes on Phillip Island. The film was shot in part in Berwick, then a suburb outside Melbourne and part in Frankston, also a Melbourne suburb. The well-known scene where Peck meets Gardner, who arrives from Melbourne by rail, was filmed on platform #1 of Frankston railway station, now rebuilt, and a subsequent scene where Peck and Gardner are transported off by horse and buggy, was filmed in Young Street, Frankston. Some streets which were being built at the time in Berwick were named after people involved in the film. Two examples are Shute Avenue (Nevil Shute) and Kramer Drive (Stanley Kramer).
The "Australian Grand Prix" in the novel had the racing sequences filmed at Riverside Raceway in California and at Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit, home to the present-day Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix, conveniently located near Cowes at Phillip Island. These scenes include an array of late-1950s sports cars, including examples of the Jaguar XK150 and Jaguar D-Type, Porsche 356, Mercedes-Benz 300 SL "Gullwing", AC Ace, Chevrolet Corvette and prominent in sequences was the "Chuck Porter Special", a customized Mercedes 300SL. Built by Hollywood body shop owner Chuck Porter and driven by a list of notable 1950s to 1960s west-coast racers, including Ken Miles and Chuck Stevenson, who purchased and successfully raced it in the early 1960s.
The U.S. Department of Defense refused to cooperate in the production of the film, not allowing access to its nuclear-powered submarines. Additional resources were supplied by the Royal Australian Navy, including the use of the aircraft carrier, HMAS Melbourne.
It has often been claimed that Ava Gardner described Melbourne as "the perfect place to make a film about the end of the world." However, the purported quote was actually invented by journalist Neil Jillett, who was writing for The Sydney Morning Herald at the time. His original draft of a tongue-in-cheek piece about the making of the film said that he had not been able to confirm a third-party report that Ava Gardner had made this remark. The newspaper's sub-editor changed it to read as a direct quotation from Gardner. It was published in that form and entered Melbourne folklore very quickly.
Frank Chacksfield's orchestral performance of the love theme from On the Beach was released as a single in 1960, reaching #47 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song "Waltzing Matilda" became popular everywhere, as a result of the film, with many folk singers recording their own versions, including Harry Belafonte, Jimmie Rodgers (who had recorded two different versions of the song), and Tim Morgan. The Seekers, who are from Australia, recorded this song several times.
Differences between the novel and film
Nevil Shute was displeased with the final cut of the film, feeling that too many changes had been made at the expense of the story's integrity. After initial collaboration with Kramer, it was obvious that Shute's concerns were not being addressed; subsequently, he provided minimal assistance to the production. Gregory Peck agreed with Shute but, in the end, producer/director Stanley Kramer's ideas won out. Shute felt that Captain Towers and Moira having a love affair ruined a central element of the novel, that is, Towers's fidelity to his long-dead American wife.
In the novel it has been two years since the last nuclear attacks, and small pockets of human survivors are mentioned in several areas of the Southern Hemisphere. Australia is in radio contact with places such as Montevideo on the east coast of South America and Cape Town on the southern tip of Africa. Commander Towers is in communication with the only other remaining active-duty US Navy vessel: another nuclear submarine, USS Swordfish, on duty in the Atlantic and which, at the end, is based in Montevideo. Melbourne, where much of the novel is set, is the southernmost major city in the world and so will be the last such to go, but people in New Zealand, Tierra del Fuego and other, more southerly points than Australia are said to have a few additional weeks left to them. In the film an unidentified radio newscaster says that, as far as is known, Australia is home to the last human life on the planet, possibly to build hope among the audience that the San Francisco expedition will result in the discovery of other survivors, adding a sense of urgency and importance to the survivors in Melbourne. There is no Swordfish referred to in the film, making the Sawfish the last (known) hope for humanity.
In the novel the submarine is named USS Scorpion, but in the film, it is called Sawfish. The film production crew was forced to use a non-nuclear, diesel-electric Royal Navy submarine, HMS Andrew, to portray the nuclear-powered U.S. submarine.
Several major and minor characters were altered, removed, or created specifically for the film version. The novel's Moira Davidson, a slender, petite pale blonde in her mid-twenties, was portrayed by the tall, curvaceous, 36-year-old brunette Ava Gardner. Nuclear scientist John Osborne, a 20-something bachelor in the novel, is portrayed in the film by 60-year-old Fred Astaire and is named Julian Osborn. Moira and John are cousins in the novel, while Moira and Julian are former lovers in the film.
Admiral Bridie and his secretary, Lieutenant Hosgood, are film characters that are not in the novel.
In the film random Morse code radio signals coming from San Diego give rise to hope that there are survivors on the U.S. west coast. In the novel the signals are coming from a naval training base farther north, near Seattle. The idea of a survivor sending random code is forthrightly dismissed in the novel as ridiculous; Towers says that even someone who didn't know Morse code would sit there with a Morse book and send at about five words per minute. The film's characters however, hold out hope that there could be a human being on the other end of the telegraph, possibly as a plot device used to build suspense and hope among the audience. The main reason in the novel for the expedition is to learn if there are indeed survivors, but rather than a telegraph operator, the characters hold out hope that without the intercession of technicians and maintenance workers, the possibility of power being supplied to the telegraph after all that time would be remote at best. It turns out that, as in the film, the power station has been running on its own since the war, but is beginning to break down from lack of maintenance, particularly the lubrication needed to prevent overheating. Just as in the film, the power station is shut down before the submarine sets sail back to Mel
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