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Intolerance is a 1916 epic silent film directed by D. W. Griffith. Subtitles include Love's Struggle Throughout the Ages and A Sun-Play of the Ages.
Intolerance | |
---|---|
Theatrical poster | |
Directed by | D. W. Griffith |
Produced by | D. W. Griffith |
Written by | D. W. Griffith Hettie Grey Baker Tod Browning Anita Loos Mary H. O'Connor Frank E. Woods |
Starring | Vera Lewis Ralph Lewis Mae Marsh Robert Harron Constance Talmadge Lillian Gish Josephine Crowell Margery Wilson Frank Bennett (actor) Elmer Clifton Miriam Cooper Alfred Paget |
Music by | Joseph Carl Breil Julián Carrillo Carl Davis (for 1989 restoration) |
Cinematography | Billy Bitzer |
Edited by | D. W. Griffith James Smith Rose Smith |
Distributed by | Triangle Distributing Corporation |
Release date | September 5, 1916 |
Running time | 210 minutes (original release) 197 minutes (most surviving cuts) |
Country | United States |
Language | Silent film English intertitles |
Budget | $385,907 |
Box office | $1 million (theatrical rental) |
Widely regarded as one of the great masterpieces of the silent era (though it received mixed reviews at the time), the three-and-a-half-hour epic intercuts four parallel storylines, each separated by several centuries: (1) a contemporary melodrama of crime and redemption, (2) a Judean story: Christ's mission and death, (3) a French story: the events surrounding the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, and (4) a Babylonian story: the fall of the Babylonian Empire to Persia in 539 BC. Each story had its own distinctive color tint in the original print, but not in the currently available versions. The scenes are linked by shots of a figure representing Eternal Motherhood, rocking a cradle.
Intolerance was made partly in response to criticism of Griffith's previous film, The Birth of a Nation (1915), which was criticized by the NAACP and other groups as perpetuating racial stereotypes and glorifying the Ku Klux Klan. It was not, however, an apology, as Griffith felt he had nothing to apologize for; in numerous interviews, Griffith made clear that the film's title and overriding themes were meant as a response to those who he felt had been intolerant of him in condemning The Birth of a Nation. In the years following its release, Intolerance would strongly influence European film movements. In 1989, it was one of the first films to be selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Screenplay
This complex film consists of four distinct, but parallel, stories—intercut with increasing frequency as the film builds to a climax—that demonstrate humankind's persistent intolerance throughout the ages. The timeline covers approximately 2,500 years.
Breaks between the differing time periods are marked by the symbolic image of a mother rocking a cradle, representing the passing of generations. The film simultaneously cross-cuts back and forth and interweaves the segments over great gaps of space and time, with over 50 transitions between the segments. One of the unusual characteristics of the film is that many of the characters do not have names. Griffith wished them to be emblematic of human types. Thus, the central female character in the modern story is called The Dear One. Her young husband is called The Boy, and the leader of the local Mafia is called The Musketeer of the Slums. Critics and film theorists maintain that these names reveal Griffith's sentimentalism, which was already hinted at in The Birth of a Nation, with names such as The Little Colonel.
- Lillian Gish as The Eternal Motherhood
The American "Modern" story
- Mae Marsh as The Dear One
- Robert Harron as The Boy, a worker at Jenkins Mill
- Fred Turner as The Dear One's father, a worker at the Jenkins Mill
- Miriam Cooper as The Friendless One, former neighbor of the Boy and Dear One
- Walter Long as Musketeer of the Slums
- Tom Wilson as The Kindly Officer/Heart
- Vera Lewis as Miss Mary T. Jenkins
- Sam De Grasse as Mr. Arthur Jenkins, mill boss
- Lloyd Ingraham as The Judge
- Ralph Lewis as The Governor
- A. W. McClure as Prison Father Fathley
- Max Davidson as tenement neighbor of Dear One
Renaissance "French" story (1572)
- Margery Wilson as Brown Eyes
- Eugene Pallette as Prosper Latour
- Spottiswoode Aitken as Brown Eyes' father
- Ruth Handforth as Brown Eyes' mother
- Allan Sears as The Mercenary Soldier
- Josephine Crowell as Catherine de Medici, the Queen-mother
- Frank Bennett (actor) as Charles IX of France
- Maxfield Stanley as Prince Henry of France
- Joseph Henabery as Admiral Coligny
- Constance Talmadge as Princess Marguerite of Valois (first role in film)
- W. E. Lawrence as Henry of Navarre
Ancient "Babylonian" story
- Constance Talmadge as The Mountain Girl (second role in film)
- Elmer Clifton as The Rhapsode, a warrior-singer
- Alfred Paget as Prince Belshazzar
- Seena Owen as The Princess Beloved, favorite of Belshazzar
- Tully Marshall as High Priest of Bel-Marduk
- George Siegmann as Cyrus the Great
- Carl Stockdale as King Nabonidus, father of Belshazzar
- Elmo Lincoln as The Mighty Man of Valor, guard to Belshazzar
- Frank Brownlee as The Mountain Girl's brother
- The Ruth St. Denis Dancers as Dancing girls
The Biblical "Judean" story
- Howard Gaye as The Nazarene
- Lillian Langdon as Mary, the Mother
- Bessie Love as The Bride
- George Walsh as The Bridegroom
Cameo appearances/small roles
- Mary Alden
- Frank Borzage
- Tod Browning
- Frank Campeau
- Jewel Carmen
- Constance Collier
- Donald Crisp
- Carol Dempster
- Douglas Fairbanks (Drunken Soldier with monkey)
- Mildred Harris
- Dell Henderson
- Harold Lockwood
- Wilfred Lucas
- Francis McDonald
- Owen Moore
- Carmel Myers
- Wallace Reid
- Eve Southern
- Pauline Starke
- Erich von Stroheim
- Madame Sul-Te-Wan
- Natalie Talmadge
- Ethel Grey Terry
- Herbert Beerbohm Tree
- King Vidor
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