Doppelgänger is a 1969 British science-fiction film, directed by Robert Parrish and starring Roy Thinnes, Ian Hendry, Lynn Loring and Patrick Wymark. Outside Europe, it is known as Journey to the Far Side of the Sun, which is now the more popular title. In the film, a joint European-NASA mission to investigate a planet in a position parallel to Earth, behind the Sun, ends in disaster with the death of one of the astronauts (Hendry). His colleague (Thinnes) discovers that the planet is a mirror image of Earth.
Doppelgänger | |
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Poster for the film's US release, featuring the alternative title Journey to the Far Side of the Sun | |
Directed by | Robert Parrish |
Produced by | Gerry and Sylvia Anderson |
Screenplay by | Gerry and Sylvia Anderson Donald James Uncredited: Tony Williamson |
Story by | Gerry and Sylvia Anderson |
Starring | Roy Thinnes Ian Hendry Lynn Loring Patrick Wymark |
Music by | Barry Gray |
Cinematography | John Read |
Edited by | Len Walter |
Production company | Century 21 Cinema Productions |
Distributed by | Rank Organisation (UK) Universal Pictures (International) |
Release date | 27 August 1969 (US) 8 October 1969 (UK) |
Running time | 101 minutes |
Country | United Kingdom |
Language | English |
The first major live-action film of Century 21 writer-producers Gerry and Sylvia Anderson—noted for Thunderbirds and other 1960s "Supermarionation" puppet television series—Doppelgänger was shot from July to October 1968, using Pinewood Studios as the principal production base. Parrish also filmed on location in both England and Portugal. The professional relationship between the Andersons and their director became strained as the shooting progressed, while creative disagreements with cinematographer John Read resulted in his resignation from Century 21. Actors and props from Doppelgänger would re-appear in a later Anderson TV series, UFO. Although the Andersons incorporated adult themes into their script in an effort to distinguish the film from their children's TV productions, cuts to adult-oriented content—in this case a shot of a pack of contraceptive pills—were required in order to permit an A and, later, PG certificate from the British Board of Film Censors (BBFC).
Doppelgänger premiered in August 1969 in the United States, and October of that year in the United Kingdom. Although the film in general has been praised for the quality of its special effects and set design, the plot device of the parallel Earth has attracted criticism, with some commentators judging it to be clichéd and uninspired in comparison to the precedent established by earlier science fiction. In addition, although Doppelgänger has frequently been interpreted as a pastiche of major science-fiction films of the 1960s, including 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), some of the devices and imagery used have been dismissed as weak imitations of the originals. Since release, it has been termed a cult film.
Screenplay
In 2069, the European Space Exploration Council's (EUROSEC) unmanned spacecraft Sun Probe discovers a planet in the same orbit as Earth on the other side of the Sun. Dr Kurt Hassler (Herbert Lom), based at the EUROSEC Space Centre in Portugal, is a double agent who has been leaking the probe's findings to a rival power in the East. Security Chief Mark Neuman (George Sewell) traces the transmissions to Hassler's laboratory and shoots the scientist dead.
EUROSEC director Jason Webb (Patrick Wymark) convinces NASA representative David Poulson (Ed Bishop) that the West must send a manned mission to investigate the unknown planet before Hassler's allies in the East. NASA astronaut Colonel Glenn Ross (Roy Thinnes) and EUROSEC astrophysicist Dr John Kane (Ian Hendry) are assigned to the mission.
Blasting off in the spacecraft Phoenix, Ross and Kane go into stasis for the outbound journey and are revived when they reach the planet three weeks later. Orbital scans for extraterrestrial life prove inconclusive, so the astronauts decide to travel to the surface in their lander, Dove. During the descent, Dove is damaged in an electrical storm and crashes in mountainous terrain, leaving Kane critically injured. Ross and Kane are picked up by a human air-sea rescue team, who tell Ross that they have landed near Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The astronauts are then flown back to the Space Centre, seemingly confirming that they have somehow returned to Earth. Neuman and EUROSEC official Lise Hartman (Loni von Friedl) question Ross, who denies that he aborted the mission. Kane dies from his injuries soon after.
Over time, Ross realises that he is not on Earth, but indeed on the unknown planet — a Counter-Earth on which all aspects of life are reversed, making it a mirror image of his Earth. (Signs of the reversal include cars being driven on the "wrong" side of the road and Ross's inability to read text unless it is reflected in a mirror.) At first, Webb and Ross's wife Sharon (Lynn Loring) refuse to accept his claims. However, Webb is convinced when Ross demonstrates the ability to read reflected text aloud without hesitation and Kane's post-mortem examination shows that his internal organs are located on the "wrong" side of his body. Ross conjectures that the two Earths are parallel and that the Counter-Earth's Ross is experiencing similar events on his Earth. Webb proposes that Ross retrieve the flight recorder from Phoenix and return home.
EUROSEC builds a replacement for Dove designed to be compatible with the "reversed" technologies of Phoenix. Among the modifications is the reverse-polarisation of the spacecraft's electrical circuits, although it is unclear whether electrical polarity is affected by the mirroring of the Earths. Having named the new spacecraft "Doppelganger", Ross blasts off and attempts to dock with Phoenix. However, Doppelganger's electrical systems malfunction, confirming that polarity is a constant. The crippled spacecraft detaches from Phoenix and re-enters the atmosphere, locked on a collision course with the Space Centre. EUROSEC is unable to repair the fault from the ground and Doppelganger crashes into a parked spacecraft. Ross is killed instantly and the resulting chain reaction destroys much of the Space Centre, killing key personnel and destroying all records of Ross's presence on the Counter-Earth.
Years later, a wheelchair-bound Jason Webb has been admitted to a nursing home. Noticing his reflection in a mirror, he rolls forward to touch his image but crashes through the mirror and dies.
Credited:
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Uncredited:
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As his first contribution to live-action film, Gerry Anderson had directed Crossroads to Crime, a 1960 B feature, for Anglo-Amalgamated. Talent agent Leslie Grade had since approached Anderson with a proposal for a film starring actor Arthur Haynes, but discussions between Grade and Anderson had not produced a commission. In the summer of 1967, during the production of Anderson's Supermarionation television series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, Universal Pictures executive Jay Kanter arrived in London from the United States. Planning to establish a European production office, Kanter expressed his willingness to provide funding for promising film ideas. Leslie's brother Lew Grade, who was Anderson's financier at his TV distributor ITC Entertainment, arranged a meeting with Kanter for Anderson to pitch a story concept concerning the hypothesis of a "replicated" or "mirror" Earth. According to Anderson, he "thought, rather naïvely, what if there was another planet the other side of the Sun, orbiting at exactly the same speed and the same size as Earth? That idea then developed into the planet being a replicated Earth and that's how it ended up, a mirrored planet ... We were perfectly poised – I was Lew Grade's golden boy and the studio was a big success story."
Writing
With the assistance of scriptwriter Tony Williamson, Anderson and his wife Sylvia had drafted a 194-page treatment long before the initial meeting with Kanter. The Andersons had originally intended to film the script as a one-hour drama for ATV; Sylvia explained that since the concept "was too good for a television play, I suggested to Gerry that we try to develop it as a movie." Responding to claims that Doppelgänger had "dark" scripting, Gerry stated that he wanted the film to have an interesting and entertaining premise. He also discussed the significance of the title, which was suggested to him by Century 21 co-director John Read: Doppelgänger being "a German word which means 'a copy of oneself', and the legend goes that if you meet your doppelganger, it is the point of your death. Following that legend, clearly, I had to steer the film so that I could end it illustrating the meaning of that word."
When Kanter expressed dissatisfaction with the draft, Gerry hired Donald James, a novelist whom he considered "a classy writer with a good reputation", to strengthen the characterisation. Although the film retained its original 2069 setting, the scenes set on the Counter-Earth underwent significant changes while James completed his revisions. Fundamentally, the characters of Ross and Kane switched roles: in the Andersons' draft, it was Ross who is injured in the Dove crash and Kane who was interrogated at the EUROSEC Space Centre. In scenes absent from the finished film, Kane is diagnosed with brain damage on the basis of his apparent insanity, while Ross regains consciousness to find that the accident has left him blind. The return mission to Phoenix fails due not to an electrical fault, but rather because of a structural defect in the second Dove module, which disintegrates in the atmosphere of the Counter-Earth with Kane trapped inside. EUROSEC Headquarters is left intact, and Kane's funeral is attended by his wife, the Rosses and Jason Webb.
Despite remaining unenthusiastic with the script, Kanter agreed to commission it as a film on the condition that he reserve the right to select a "bankable" director. Anderson would have selected David Lane, who had directed the two Thunderbirds film sequels, Thunderbirds Are Go (1966) and Thunderbird 6 (1968). After a ten-week delay to filming, Robert Parrish, an American director whose latest project had been shelved, accepted the post. Parrish's film career up to 1968 had included co-editing Body and Soul (for which he had shared the 1947 Academy Award for Best Film Editing) and co-directing the 1967 James Bond spoof, Casino Royale. Anderson remembered Parrish as being "very ingratiating", stating that he "told us he loved the script and said it would be an honour to work with us. Jay Kanter gave Bob the thumbs up and we were in business." Although the box-office failure of Casino Royale had prompted Anderson to question Parrish's ability, he stated that Doppelgänger could not have been made without his recruitment: "It wasn't a question of, 'Will we get on with him?' or, 'Is he the right man?' He was a name director, so we signed him up immediately."
Casting
Heading the cast of Doppelgänger is Roy Thinnes in the role of Colonel Glenn Ross of NASA. Anderson, who perceived a likeness
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