Gujarat | ||
---|---|---|
State | ||
Gir Forest National Park is home to the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world. | ||
| ||
Location of Gujarat in India | ||
Coordinates (Gandhinagar): 23°13?N 72°41?E? / ?23.217°N 72.683°ECoordinates: 23°13?N 72°41?E? / ?23.217°N 72.683°E | ||
Country | India | |
Formation | 1 May 1960† | |
Capital | Gandhinagar | |
Largest city | Ahmedabad | |
Districts | 33 | |
Government | ||
• Governor | Om Prakash Kohli | |
• Chief Minister | Vijay Rupani | |
• Legislature | Unicameral (182 seats) | |
• Parliamentary constituency | 26 | |
• High Court | Gujarat High Court | |
Area | ||
• Total | 196,024 km2 (75,685 sq mi) | |
Area rank | 6th | |
Population (2011) | ||
• Total | 60,383,628 | |
• Rank | 9th | |
• Density | 308/km2 (800/sq mi) | |
Demonym(s) | Gujarati | |
GDP (2018–19) | ||
• Total | ?14.96 lakh crore (US$220 billion) | |
• Per capita | ?156,691 (US$2,300) | |
Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) | |
ISO 3166 code | IN-GJ | |
Vehicle registration | GJ | |
HDI | 0.6164 | |
HDI rank | 11th (2015) | |
Literacy Rate | 79.31% (2011 census) | |
Official languages |
| |
Website |
gujaratindia | |
†The state of Bombay was divided into two states i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay (Reorganisation) Act 1960 | ||
Symbols of Gujarat (de facto) | ||
Language | Gujarati | |
Song | "Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat" by Narmad | |
Calendar | Saka | |
Animal | Asiatic lion | |
Bird | Greater flamingo | |
Flower | Marigold (galgota) | |
Fruit | Mango | |
Tree | Banyan |
Gujarat (/???d???r??t/ Gujarat ( listen)) is a state in Western India and Northwest India with an area of 196,024 km2 (75,685 sq mi), a coastline of 1,600 km (990 mi) – most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula – and a population in excess of 60 million. It is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast, Daman and Diu to the south, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Maharashtra to the southeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west. Its capital city is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state. Gujarat is the third-largest state economy in India with ?14.96 lakh crore (US$220 billion) in gross domestic product.
The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, such as Lothal, Dholavira, and Gola Dhoro. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first seaports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires, and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era. Along with Bihar and Nagaland, Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol.
Contents
Etymology
Modern-day Gujarat is derived from Sanskrit term Gurjaradesa, meaning the land of the Gurjars, supposedly a subtribe of the Huns who ruled Gujarat in the 8th and 9th centuries CE. Parts of modern Rajasthan and Gujarat have been known as Gurjaratra or Gurjarabhumi (land of the Gurjars) for centuries before the Mughal period.
History
Ancient history
Gujarat was one of the main central areas of the Indus Valley Civilization. It contains ancient metropolitan cities from the Indus Valley such as Lothal, Dholavira, and Gola Dhoro. The ancient city of Lothal was where India's first port was established. The ancient city of Dholavira is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India, belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. The most recent discovery was Gola Dhoro. Altogether, about 50 Indus Valley settlement ruins have been discovered in Gujarat.
The ancient history of Gujarat was enriched by the commercial activities of its inhabitants. There is clear historical evidence of trade and commerce ties with Egypt, Bahrain and Sumer in the Persian Gulf during the time period of 1000 to 750 BC. There was a succession of Hindu and Buddhist states such as the Mauryan Dynasty, Western Satraps, Satavahana dynasty, Gupta Empire, Chalukya dynasty, Rashtrakuta Empire, Pala Empire and Gurjara-Pratihara Empire, as well as local dynasties such as the Maitrakas and then the Chaulukyas.
The early history of Gujarat reflects the imperial grandeur of Chandragupta Maurya who conquered a number of earlier states in what is now Gujarat. Pushyagupta, a Vaishya, was appointed the governor of Saurashtra by the Mauryan regime. He ruled Giringer (modern day Junagadh) (322 BC to 294 BC) and built a dam on the Sudarshan lake. Emperor Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, not only ordered engraving of his edicts on the rock at Junagadh but asked Governor Tusherpha to cut canals from the lake where an earlier Mauryan governor had built a dam. Between the decline of Mauryan power and Saurashtra coming under the sway of the Samprati Mauryas of Ujjain, there was an Indo-Greek defeat in Gujarat of Demetrius. In 16th century manuscripts, there is an apocryphal story of a merchant of King Gondaphares landing in Gujarat with Apostle Thomas. The incident of the cup-bearer torn apart by a lion might indicate that the port city described is in Gujarat.
For nearly 300 years from the start of the 1st century AD, Saka rulers played a prominent part in Gujarat's history. The weather-beaten rock at Junagadh gives a glimpse of the ruler Rudradaman I (100 AD) of the Saka satraps known as Western Satraps, or Kshatraps. Mahakshatrap Rudradaman I founded the Kardamaka dynasty which ruled from Anupa on the banks of the Narmada up to the Aparanta region which bordered Punjab. In Gujarat, several battles were fought between the south Indian Satavahana dynasty and the Western Satraps. The greatest and the mightiest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni who defeated the Western Satraps and conquered some parts of Gujarat in the 2nd century CE.
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