Chittagong ????????? / ?????? Chattogram | |
---|---|
City | |
From top: City Skyline including the Agrabad area, Entrance of Chittagong War Cemetery, Illuminated Shah Amanat Bridge across the Karnaphuli River, Foy's Lake, Ethnological Museum, Port of Chittagong | |
Chittagong Location of Chittagong in Bangladesh | |
Coordinates: 22°22?N 91°48?E? / ?22.367°N 91.800°ECoordinates: 22°22?N 91°48?E? / ?22.367°N 91.800°E | |
Country | Bangladesh |
Division | Chittagong Division |
District | Chittagong District |
Establishment | 1340 |
Granted city status | 1863 |
Government | |
• Type | Mayor–Council |
• Body | Chittagong City Corporation |
• City Mayor | A J M Nasir Uddin |
Area | |
• City | 168.07 km2 (64.89 sq mi) |
Elevation | 351 m (1,152 ft) |
Population (2011) | |
• City | 2,581,643 |
• Metro | 4,009,423 |
• Demonym | Chittagonians |
Time zone | BST (UTC+6) |
Postal code | 4000, 4100, 42xx |
Calling code | +880 31 |
Police | Chittagong Metropolitan Police |
International airport | Shah Amanat International |
Website | Chittagong City Corporation |
Chittagong (/t??t????/), officially known as Chattogram, is a major coastal city and financial centre in southeastern Bangladesh. The city has a population of more than 2.5 million while the metropolitan area has a population of 4,009,423 at the 2011 Census, making it the second largest city in the country. It is the capital of an eponymous district and division. The city is located on the banks of the Karnaphuli River between the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Bay of Bengal. Much of Chittagong Division is located within the ecological Indo-Burma zone on the boundary of the India Plate and Burma Plate. This makes Chittagong the crossroads of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The port city has been known by various names in history, including Chatigaon, Chatigam, Chattagrama, Islamabad, Chattala, Chaityabhumi and Porto Grande De Bengala.
The natural harbour of Chittagong is an ancient gateway to the region of Bengal. It was noted as one of the largest Eastern ports by the Roman geographer Ptolemy in the 1st century. As part of the rich seafaring tradition of the Bengali people, coastal Chittagong was settled and ruled by different regional kingdoms. Arab traders saw well-developed currency, banking and shipping in Chittagong during the 9th century. Early cosmopolitan Muslims established dominance over the port as an entrepot of maritime trade, while Arakan, Bengal and Tripura competed for control of the wider hinterland. Muslim conquest took place in the 14th century. Chittagong became the principal port of the Bengal Sultanate. It was used by several leading medieval global explorers, including Ibn Battuta and Niccolò de' Conti. Later, Mrauk U, with assistance from Portuguese trading posts, gained control of the area. The Mughal conquest of Chittagong reestablished Bengali control and ushered an era of stability and trade. The city was renamed as Islamabad. This diverse history is reflected in the rural Chittagonian dialect of Bengali, which has a nearly 50% Arabic-origin vocabulary, as well as Persian and Portuguese loanwords.
Ceded to the British East India Company in 1760, Chittagong became the chief port of Eastern Bengal and Assam under the British Raj, as well as a hub of railways. A notable anti-colonial uprising took place in 1930. It was an important base for Allied Forces during the Burma Campaign in World War II. Rapid industrialization followed the war, as Chittagong became part of East Pakistan. During the Bangladesh liberation war in 1971, Chittagong was site of the country’s declaration of independence.
Modern Chittagong is an important economic hub in South Asia. It is home to the Chittagong Stock Exchange and many of Bangladesh's oldest and largest companies. The Port of Chittagong is the largest international seaport on the Bay of Bengal. It is the largest base of the Bangladesh Navy. Chittagong is reputed as a relatively clean city, but still confronts substantial logistical and socioeconomic problems. The mountainous hinterland of Chittagong is the most biodiverse region in Bangladesh, with 2000 endemic plants and various critically endangered wildlife.
Contents
Etymology
The etymology of Chittagong is uncertain. One explanation credits the first Arab traders for shatt ghangh (Arabic: ?? ????) where shatt means "delta" and ghangh stood for the Ganges. The Burmese tradition is that an Arakanese king, invading in the 9th century, gave the city the name Tsit-ta-gung (to make war is improper). Another legend dates the name to the spread of Islam, when a Muslim lit a chati (lamp) at the top of a hill in the city and called out (adhan) for people to come to prayer. However, the local name of the city (in Bengali or Chittagonian) Chatga (Bengali: ?????), which is a corruption of Chatgao (Bengali: ???????) or Chatigao (Bengali: ????????), and officially Chottogram (Bengali: ?????????) bears the meaning of "village or town of Chatta (possibly a caste or tribe)."
History
Early trade
Prehistory
Stone age fossils and tools unearthed in the region indicate that Chittagong has been inhabited since Neolithic times. It is an ancient port city, with a recorded history dating back to the 4th century BC. Its harbour was mentioned in Ptolemy's world map in the 2nd century as one of the most impressive ports in the East. The region was part of the ancient Bengali Samatata and Harikela kingdoms. The Candra dynasty once dominated the area, and was followed by the Varman dynasty and Deva dynasty.
Visitors
Chinese traveler Xuanzang described the area as "a sleeping beauty rising from mist and water" in the 7th century.
Arab Muslim traders frequented Chittagong from the 9th century. In 1154, Al-Idrisi wrote of a busy shipping route between Basra and Chittagong, connecting it with the Abbasid capital of Baghdad.
Many Sufi missionaries settled in Chittagong and played an instrumental role in the spread of Islam.
Bengal
Sultan Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah of Sonargaon conquered Chittagong in 1340, making it a part of Sultanate of Bengal. It was the principal maritime gateway to the kingdom, which was reputed as one of the wealthiest states in the Indian subcontinent. Medieval Chittagong was a hub for maritime trade with China, Sumatra, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, the Middle East and East Africa. It was notable for its medieval trades in pearls, silk, muslin, rice, bullion, horses and gunpowder. The port was also a major shipbuilding hub.
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