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Chandni Chowk

Chandni Chowk
Neighbourhood
Chandni Chowk is located in Delhi
Chandni Chowk
Chandni Chowk
Location in Delhi, India
Chandni Chowk is located in India
Chandni Chowk
Chandni Chowk
Chandni Chowk (India)
Coordinates: 28°39?22?N 77°13?52?E? / ?28.656°N 77.231°E? / 28.656; 77.231Coordinates: 28°39?22?N 77°13?52?E? / ?28.656°N 77.231°E? / 28.656; 77.231
Country India
Union Territory Delhi
District Central Delhi
Metro Chandni Chowk
Languages
 • Official Hindi, Punjabi
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 110 006
Planning agency Municipal Corporation of Delhi

The Chandni Chowk (Moonlight Square) is one of the oldest and busiest markets in Old Delhi, India. Chandni Chowk is located close to Old Delhi Railway Station. The Red Fort monument is located within the market. It was built in the 17th century by Mughal Emperor of India Shah Jahan and designed by his daughter Jahanara. The market was once divided by canals (now closed) to reflect moonlight and remains one of India's largest wholesale markets.

Contents

History

 
Procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah II on Chandni Chowk in 1843
 
Painting of the Golden Mosque (Sunehri Masjid) in the 1850s, by Ghulam Ali Khan
 
Chandni Chowk in the 1860s
 
Procession of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra as Emperor and Empress of India, 1903 Delhi Durbar

The market's history dates to the founding of the capital city of Shahjahanabad when Emperor Shah Jahan established the Red Fort on the banks of the Yamuna River beside his new capital.

Chandni Chowk, or the Moonlight Square, was designed and established by Princess Jahanara Begum, Shah Jahan’s favourite daughter, in 1650 CE. Originally containing 1,560 shops, the bazaar was 40 yards wide by 1,520 yards long. The bazaar was shaped as a square was given elegance by the presence of a pool in the centre of the complex. The pool shimmered in the moonlight, a feature which was perhaps responsible for its name. Shops were originally built in a half-moon shaped pattern, now lost. The bazaar was famous for its silver merchants, which also have contributed to the name of "Silver Street" as silver is referred to as Chandi in Hindi, a slight variation of which forms Chandni.

The pool in the chowk was replaced by a clock tower (Ghantaghar) until the 1950s. The center of the market is still referred to as Ghantaghar.

Chandni Chowk was once the grandest Indian market. Mughal imperial processions passed through Chandni Chowk. The tradition was continued when Delhi Durbar was held in 1903. Delhi Town Hall was built in 1863 by the British.

Chandni Chowk runs through the middle of the walled city, from the Lahori Gate of the Red Fort to Fatehpuri Masjid. Originally, a canal ran through the middle of the street. It was initially divided into three sections:

  • Lahori Gate to Chowk Kotwali (near Gurdwara Shish Ganj): This section, closest to the imperial residence, was called Urdu Bazar, i.e., the encampment market. The Urdu language got its name from this encampment. Ghalib noted the destruction of this market during the disturbances of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and its aftermath.
  • Chowk Kotwali to Chandni Chowk: The term Chandni Chowk originally referred to the square that had a reflecting pool. This section was originally called Johri Bazar.
  • 'Chandni Chowk' to Fatehpuri Masjid: this was called the Fatehpuri Bazar.

Later choked with congestion, the market retains its historical character. The following terms are generally used to describe the buildings and the streets:

  • Haveli: a mansion. A normal haveli has a big courtyard (atrium) surrounded on four sides by spacious rooms and often another walled courtyard around the exterior. One of the largest preserved havelis in the area is the Chunnamal haveli.
  • Kucha: a zone with houses whose owners shared some common attribute, usually their occupation. Hence the names Maliwara, the gardeners' neighbourhood and Ballimaran, the oarsmen’s neighbourhood.
  • Katra: refers to a separate wing of tradesmen and craftsmen belonging to the same trade. They usually lived and worked together. It is a system similar to the guild housing in Amsterdam.

Community

On both sides of the wide Chandni Chowk are historical residential areas served by narrow lanes (gali).

Religious buildings

 
Lal Jain Mandir and Gauri Shankar temple in the background
 
Gurudwara Sisganj

Delhi's most famous mosque, Jama Masjid, built in 1650 in the vicinity, is near famous religious shrines, belonging to multiple religions. Starting from the Red Fort, the buildings include:

  • The Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, established in 1656 with a bird hospital established in 1929. A Naya Mandir was built in 1807 in Dharampura, as the first temple with a shikhar.
  • The Gauri Shankar Temple was built by a Maratha general Appa Gangadhar in 1761.
  • The Shri Shiv Navgrah Mandir Dham[10] (Hindi: ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???) is dedicated to Navagraha with the presence of Shiva. The temple's main dham is dedicated to Shri Shani Maharaj Ji. Shri Surya Dev is placed at the top of the main entrance. Shri Sankatmochan Hanuman Mandir and Shri Shakti Mandir are also attached to this temple.
  • The Central Baptist Church, built in 1814.
  • The Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib. The 9th Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur and his followers Bhai Mati Das, Bhai Dyal Das and Bhai Sati Das were executed nearby by the Mughals in 1675. The Gurudwaras in the form of memorials were built in 1783 after Delhi, the then Mughal capital, was captured by the Khalsa (the corporate body of Sikhs) under the command of Baghel Singh.
  • The Sunehri Masjid was built in 1721 by Roshan-ud-Daula Zafar Khan in the reign of Mohammad Shah. Persian invader Nader Shah spent several hours on the top of the mosque on 11 March 1739 to observe the Katl-e-Aam (the killing of everyone in sight) that he had ordered, which resulted in 30,000 deaths.
  • The Fatehpuri Masjid was built by Fatehpuri Begum in 1650, one of the queens of Shah Jahan.

Haveli

 
A haveli on Chandni Chowk in 1858 (picture by Felice Beato)
Chandni Chowk

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