Mumbai Bombay | |
---|---|
Megacity | |
Mumbai | |
Top to bottom: Cuffe Parade skyline, the Gateway of India (L), Taj Mahal Palace Hotel (R), Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus and the Bandra–Worli Sea Link. | |
Nickname(s): Bambai, City of Seven Islands, City of Dreams, Gateway to India, Hollywood of India | |
Mumbai Location of Mumbai in Maharashtra, India Mumbai Mumbai (India) | |
Coordinates: 18°58?30?N 72°49?33?E? / ?18.97500°N 72.82583°ECoordinates: 18°58?30?N 72°49?33?E? / ?18.97500°N 72.82583°E | |
Country | India |
State | Maharashtra |
District |
Mumbai City Mumbai Suburban |
First settled | 1507 |
Named for | Mumbadevi |
Government | |
• Type | Municipal Corporation |
• Body | MCGM |
• Mayor | Vishwanath Mahadeshwar (Shiv Sena) |
• Municipal commissioner | Ajoy Mehta |
Area | |
• Megacity | 603 km2 (233 sq mi) |
• Metro | 4,355 km2 (1,681.5 sq mi) |
Elevation | 14 m (46 ft) |
Population (2011) | |
• Megacity | 12,442,373 |
• Rank | 1st |
• Density | 21,000/km2 (53,000/sq mi) |
• Metro |
18,414,288 20,748,395 (Extended UA) |
• Metro Rank | 1st |
Demonym(s) | Mumbaikar |
Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
PIN code(s) | 400 001 to 400 107 |
Area code(s) | +91-22 |
Vehicle registration | MH-01 (South), MH-02 (West), MH-03 (Central), MH-47 (North) |
Metro GDP/PPP | $151-368 billion |
Official language | Marathi |
Website |
www |
Mumbai (/m?m?ba?/; also known as Bombay, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India with an estimated city proper population of 12.4 million as of 2011. Along with the neighbouring regions of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, it is the second most populous metropolitan area in India, with a population of 21.3 million as of 2016. Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named an alpha world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest number of millionaires and billionaires among all cities in India.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies of the Koli people. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese Empire and subsequently to the East India Company when in 1661 Charles II of England married Catherine of Braganza and as part of her dowry Charles received the ports of Tangier and Seven Islands of Bombay. During the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of major roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development. During the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon India's independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital.
Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India. It is also one of the world's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow, generating 6.16% of India's GDP and accounting for 25% of industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India (Mumbai Port Trust and JNPT), and 70% of capital transactions to India's economy. The city houses important financial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India, the SEBI and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indian companies and multinational corporations. It is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes like Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Nuclear Power Corporation of India, Indian Rare Earths, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Atomic Energy Commission of India, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses India's Hindi (Bollywood) and Marathi cinema industries. Mumbai's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures.
Contents
Etymology
The name Mumbai is derived from Mumb? or Mah?-Amb?—the name of the patron goddess (kuladevata) Mumbadevi of the native Agri, Koli and Somvanshi communities— and ?'? meaning "mother" in the Marathi language, which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra.
The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja; these are sometimes still used. In 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name "Bombaim" in his Lendas da Índia ("Legends of India"). This name possibly originated as the Galician-Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning "good little bay", and Bombaim is still commonly used in Portuguese. In 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu: Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi.
Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: Mombayn (1525), Bombay (1538), Bombain (1552), Bombaym (1552), Monbaym (1554), Mombaim (1563), Mombaym (1644), Bambaye (1666), Bombaiim (1666), Bombeye (1676), Boon Bay (1690), and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was anglicised as Bombay. Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial dewan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i Ahmedi (1762) referred to the city as Manbai.
The French traveller Louis Rousselet who visited in 1863 and 1868 tells us in his book L’Inde des Rajahs (pub. 1877 in Paris): "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne bai", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or Mamba Dévi, and that she still..., possesses a temple".
By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, and as Bambai in Hindi. The Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist Shiv Sena party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirrored similar name changes across the country and particularly in Maharashtra.
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