Anonymous is a 2011 period drama film directed by Roland Emmerich and written by John Orloff. The film is a version of the life of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, an Elizabethan courtier, playwright, poet and patron of the arts, and suggests he was the actual author of William Shakespeare's plays. It stars Rhys Ifans as de Vere and Vanessa Redgrave as Queen Elizabeth I of England.
Anonymous | |
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Theatrical release poster | |
Directed by | Roland Emmerich |
Produced by |
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Written by | John Orloff |
Starring |
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Music by |
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Cinematography | Anna Foerster |
Edited by | Peter R. Adam |
Production company |
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Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
Release date |
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Running time | 130 minutes |
Country | Germany United Kingdom |
Language | English |
Budget | $30 million |
Box office | $15.4 million |
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2011. Produced by Centropolis Entertainment and Studio Babelsberg and distributed by Columbia Pictures, Anonymous was released on October 28, 2011 in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, expanding to theaters around the world in the following weeks. The film was a box office flop and received mixed reviews, with critics praising its performances and visual achievements, but criticizing the film's time-jumping format, factual errors, and promotion of the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship.
Screenplay
In modern day New York, an actor (Derek Jacobi) arrives at a theater where he delivers a monologue questioning the lack of manuscript writings of William Shakespeare, despite the undeniable fact that he is the most performed playwright of all time. Ben Jonson is making ready to enter the stage. The narrator offers to take the viewers into a different story behind the origin of Shakespeare's plays: "one of quills and swords, of power and betrayal, of a stage conquered and a throne lost."
Jumping to Elizabethean London, Ben Jonson is running through the streets carrying a parcel and being pursued by soldiers. He enters the theatre called The Rose and hides the manuscripts he carries as the soldiers set fire to the theatre. Ben is detained at the Tower of London to face the questioning of puritanical Robert Cecil. The writings by Edward de Vere that Robert Cecil thought Ben had, are not found on him.
In a flashback of five years, an adult Edward visits a public theatre, and comments as to how a play can sway people, and thinks that it can be used to thwart the influence of Robert Cecil with Queen Elizabeth concerning her successor. Robert Cecil wants Elizabeth's cousin, James VI of Scotland, crowned king. Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, rumoured to be an illegitimate son of Elizabeth, proclaims to Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton that he is the worthy heir to the throne. When Henry shares Robert Devereux's plan with Edward, he warns him that Robert Devereux's actions could lead to civil war if not managed carefully. Ben is to act as author of Edward's play, Henry V. At curtain call however, William Shakespeare, a "drunken oaf", steps forward to be recognized as the author of the play.
Elizabeth accepts a gift that evokes a memory from forty years before, when the boy, Edward, performed in his own play, A Midsummer Night's Dream as Puck. The teenage Edward must has secretly written his plays, when his education is entrusted to the puritanical William Cecil, father of Robert. During this time, Edward kills a spying servant and is forced into a marriage with William's daughter, Anne. Edward has an affair with a lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth and is banished from court, and eventually learns the name of his illegitimate child with Elizabeth.
Shakespeare discovers that Edward is the real author and extorts him for money. He orders the construction of the Globe Theatre, where he bans Jonson's worked from being performed, and claims Edward's plays as his own. Christopher Marlowe discovers Shakespeare's deal, and is later found with his throat slit. Jonson confronts Shakespeare and accuses him of murder. Edward and Essex, seeking to reduce Cecil's influence and to secure Essex's claim to succession, decide to force their way into the palace, against Cecil's wishes. Edward writes the play Richard III in order to incite hatred against Cecil and to summon a mob of Essex's supporters. Simultaneously, he would gain access to Elizabeth by sending her Venus and Adonis.
The plan is set to fail when Ben makes Robert Cecil aware of the play. The mob is stopped at the Bridge, and Robert Devereux and Henry surrender in the palace courtyard when the soldiers fire on them from the parapet. Robert Cecil tells Edward that Elizabeth has had other illegitimate children, Edward himself being one. During the private audience with Elizabeth, Edward is told that she will spare Henry, but insists that Edward remain anonymous as the true author of "Shakespeare's" works.
After Elizabeth's death, James of Scotland succeeds as James I of England. On his deathbed, Edward entrusts a parcel full of his writings to Ben to keep them out of the hands of the royal family. Robert Cecil hears that the Rose has been destroyed by fire, and Ben is released. Ben finds the manuscripts where he hid them. At a performance of a "Shakespeare" play, James I remarks to Robert that he is an avid theater goer.
Returning to the present day theatre, the narrator concludes the story by revealing the characters' fates: Robert Cecil remained the King's most trusted advisor, but never succeeded in banishing Edward's plays. Shakespeare did not remain in London, but returned to his hometown of Stratford upon Avon where he spent his last remaining years as a businessman. Ben would achieve his dream and became the first Poet Laureate, and would later write the introduction to the collected works purported to be authored by William Shakespeare. Although the story ends with the fate of its characters, the narrator proclaims that the poet who wrote these works, whether it be Shakespeare or another, had not seen the end of their story, and that "his monument is ever-living, made not of stone but of verse, and it shall be remembered... as long as words are made of breath and breath of life."
- Rhys Ifans as Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford
- Jamie Campbell Bower as young Oxford
- Vanessa Redgrave as Elizabeth I of England. Redgrave commented that "It's very interesting, the fractures, in this extraordinary creature.... I only hope that I've been able to respond to Roland in this script sufficiently to be able to just give a little glimpse of this fracturing, this black hole, with shafts of brief sunlight."
- Joely Richardson as young Queen Elizabeth (Richardson is Redgrave's daughter in real life)
- Sebastian Armesto as Ben Jonson, poet and playwright
- Rafe Spall as William Shakespeare
- David Thewlis as William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, longtime adviser to Queen Elizabeth. De Vere came to live in his household as a ward of the Queen at age 12 and became Burghley's son-in-law at age 21. Burghley is portrayed in the film as the inspiration for the character Polonius.
- Edward Hogg as Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, William Cecil's son and successor
- Xavier Samuel as Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, dedicatee of Shakespeare's narrative poems and possible focus of his sonnets and, in this movie, the illegitimate son of Edward de Vere and Elizabeth I
- Sam Reid as Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, executed for treason
- Paolo De Vita as Francesco, servant to the Earl of Oxford
- Trystan Gravelle as Christopher "Kit" Marlowe, poet and dramatist
- Robert Emms as Thomas Dekker, dramatist
- Tony Way as Thomas Nashe, poet and satirist
- Alex Hassell as Gabriel Spenser
- Mark Rylance as actor Henry Condell playing narrator/chorus (Henry V) and Richard III
- John Keogh as Philip Henslowe
- Helen Baxendale as Anne de Vere
- Amy Kwolek as Young Anne de Vere
- Vicky Krieps as Bessie Vavasour
- Derek Jacobi as Narrator
Background and development
Screenwriter John Orloff (Band of Brothers, A Mighty Heart) became interested in the authorship debate after watching a 1989 Frontline programme about the controversy. Penning his first draft in the late 1990s, commercial interest waned after Shakespeare in Love was released in 1998. It was almost greenlit as The Soul of the Age for a 2005 release, with a budget of $30 to $35 million. However, financing proved to be "a risky undertaking," according to director Roland Emmerich. In October 2009, Emmerich stated, "It's very hard to get a movie like this made, and I want to make it in a certain way. I've actually had this project for eight years." At a press conference at Studio Babelsberg on April 29, 2010, Emmerich noted that the success of his more commercial films made this one possible, and that he got the cast he wanted without the pressure to come up with "at least two A-list American actors."
Emmerich noted he knew little of either Elizabethan history or the authorship question until he came across John Orloff's script, after which he "steeped" himself in the various theories. Wary of similarities with Amadeus, Emmerich decided to recast it as a film on the politics of succession and the monarchy, a tragedy about kings, queens and princes, with broad plot lines including murder, illegitimacy and incest – "all the elements of a Shakespeare play."
In a November 2009 interview, Emmerich said the heart of the movie is in the original title, The Soul of the Age, and revolved around three main characters: Ben Jonson, William Shakespeare, and the Earl of Oxford. In a subsequent announcement in 2010, Emmerich detailed the finalised plot line:
"It's a mix of a lot of things: it's an historical thriller because it's about who will succeed Queen Elizabeth and the struggle of the people who want to have a hand in it. It's the Tudors on one side and the Cecils on the other, and in between is the Queen. Through that story we tell how the plays written by the Earl of Oxford ended up labelled 'William Shakespeare'."
Filming
Anonymous was the first motion picture to be shot with Arriflex's new Alexa camera, with most of the period backgrounds created and enhanced via new CGI technology. In addition, Elizabethan London was recreated for the film with more than 70 painstakingly hand-built sets at Germany's Studio Babelsberg. These include a full-scale replica of London's imposing The Rose theatre.
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 46% based on 168 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Roland Emmerich delivers his trademark visual and emotional bombast, but the more Anonymous stops and tries to convince the audience of its half-baked theory, the less convincing it becomes." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 50 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Rex Reed regards Anonymous as "one of the most exciting on-screen literary rows since Norman Mailer was beaten with a hammer," and well worth the stamina required to sit out what is an otherwise exhausting film. Not only Shakespeare's identity, but also that of Queen Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen" is challenged by Orloff's script, which has her as "a randy piece of work who had many lovers and bore several children." Visually, the film gives us a "dazzling panorama of Tudor history" which will not bore viewers. It boasts a cast of pure gold, and its "recreation of the Old Globe, the fame that brought ruin and dishonor to both Oxford and the money-grubbing Shakespeare, and the sacrifice of Oxford's own property and family fortune to write plays he believed in against a background of danger and violence make for a bloody good yarn, masterfully told, lushly appointed, slavishly researched and brilliantly acted." He adds the caveats that it does play "hopscotch with history", has a bewildering and confusing cast of characters and is jumpy in its timeframes.
Michael Phillips for the Chicago Tribune writes that the film is ridiculous but not dull. Displaying a "rollicking belief in its own nutty bombast" as "history is simultaneously being made up and rewritten," its best scenes are those of the candle-lit interiors caught by the Alexa digital camera on a lovely copper-and-honey-toned palette. After a week, what remains in Phillips' memory is not the de Vere/Shakespeare conspiracy theory but "the way Redgrave gazes out a window, her reign near the end, her eyes full of regret but also of fiery defiance of the balderdash lapping at her feet."
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