MICROINJECTION AND MACROINJECTION

MICROINJECTION AND MACROINJECTION 

Gene transfer, this is a technique by which we can insert artificial or modified genes in an Organism whether its a plant cell or animal cell or any other Organism. direct gene transfer has proved to be a simple and effective technique for the introduction of foreign DNA into plants in genome and this technique has proved itself as blessing in the biotechnology or bio engineering fields . This biotechnology branch of science have been proved very beneficial in creating modified microorganisms for helping humans .

Vector less or direct DNA transfer this technique have few subdivisions , 

these 3 subdivisions are

• Physical gene transfer method

• chemical gene transfer method

• DNA imbibition by cell tissue and organs

Physical gene transfer method

Physical gene transfer is a method where no natural vector is involved in any kind of gene transfer or any GMO creation but delivery of nacked  DNA to the plant part or plant cells have been grouped under this category this technique is also called as DNA mediated gene transfer (DMGT ).

Techniques used under physical gene transfer method are:

• ElectroPoration .


• Microinjection


• macro injection


• particle bombardment

Microinjection

This is a direct physical method microinjection is capable of penetrating intact cell walls of plant cell . Microinjection is a direct mechanical introduction of DNA into a target cell the target cell can be a embryo, ovule and meristem or protoplast cell. Microinjection method has been proposed for the transfer of cell organelles and for the manipulation of isolated chromosomes.

Microinjection is the use of a glass micropipette to inject a liquid substance at a microscopic or borderline macroscopic level.The target cell of micro injection techniques are often living cells  In this way the process can be used to introduce a vector into a single cell.

Microinjection method. 

Using capillary action needle are loaded with less than one microliter of DNA injection.

Insert the pipette tip in through the back of the injection needle, and expel injection mix onto the needle's internal filament. 

Microinjection can also be used in theCloning of microorganisms,, in study of cell biology and viruses and for male sub-fertility through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

MACROINJECTION 

This technique helps in injection of DNA solutions that is 5 to 10 microliter by micropipette into the developing cells. talking about plant cells it helps to inject some DNA solutions into the shoot of the plant in flower site

Microinjection are also used to insert higher volume of water and chemicals into the trees was vascular system so that all the amount of inserted chemicals or DNA can be circulated to the entire canopy and in new Growing parts.