Oracle11g Online Tutorials

Oracle Database
Developer(s)	Oracle Corporation
Initial release	1979; 45 years ago
Stable release	23c / 19 September 2023; 6 months ago
Written in	Assembly language, C, C++
Type	Multi-model database
License	Proprietary
Website	www.oracle.com/database/

Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle DBMS, Oracle Autonomous Database, or simply as Oracle) is a proprietary multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation.

It is a database commonly used for running online transaction processing (OLTP), data warehousing (DW) and mixed (OLTP & DW) database workloads. Oracle Database is available by several service providers on-prem, on-cloud, or as a hybrid cloud installation. It may be run on third party servers as well as on Oracle hardware (Exadata on-prem, on Oracle Cloud or at Cloud at Customer).

Oracle Database uses SQL query language for database updating and retrieval.

History edit

Larry Ellison and his two friends and former co-workers, Bob Miner and Ed Oates, started a consultancy called Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name Oracle comes from the code-name of a CIA-funded project Ellison had worked on while formerly employed by Ampex.

Releases and versions edit

Oracle products follow a custom release-numbering and -naming convention. The "c" in the current release, Oracle Database 23c, stands for "Cloud". Previous releases (e.g. Oracle Database 10g and Oracle9i Database) have used suffixes of "g" and "i" which stand for "Grid" and "Internet" respectively. Prior to the release of Oracle8i Database, no suffixes featured in Oracle Database naming conventions. There was no v1 of Oracle Database, as co-founder Larry Ellison "knew no one would want to buy version 1". For each database release, Oracle also provides an Express Edition (XE) that is free to use.

Oracle Database release numbering has used the following codes:

Oracle Database Version	Initial Release Version	Initial Release Date	Terminal Version	Marquee Features
Legend: Old version Older version, still maintained Latest version Latest preview version Future release
Current stable version: Oracle Database 23c	23.2.0	April 2023 (Linux) Oracle Database Free - Developer Release September 2023 Oracle Database on Base Database Service		JSON Relational Duality, JSON Schema Validation, Transactional Microservices Support, OKafka, Operational Property Graphs, Support for SQL/PGQ, Schema Privileges, Developer Role, SQL Firewall, TLS 1.3 Support, Integration with Azure Active Directory OAuth2, True Cache, Readable Per-PDB Standby, Sharding with active-active Raft-based replication, Automatic SQL Plan Management, Priority Transactions, SQL Syntax Simplification, Annotations, Data Usage Domains, Column Value Lock-free Reservations
Older version, yet still maintained: Oracle Database 21c	21.1.0	December 2020 (cloud) August 2021 (Linux)		Blockchain Tables, Multilingual Engine - JavaScript Execution in the Database, Binary JSON Data Type, Per-PDB Data Guard Physical Standby (aka Multitenant Data Guard), Per-PDB GoldenGate Change Capture, Self-Managing In-Memory, In-Memory Hybrid Columnar Scan, In-Memory Vector Joins with SIMD, Sharding Advisor Tool, Property Graph Visualization Studio, Automatic Materialized Views, Automatic Zone Maps, SQL Macros, Gradual Password Rollover
Older version, yet still maintained: Oracle Database 19c	19.1.0 // 12.2.0.3	February 2019 (Exadata) April 2019 (Linux) June 2019 (cloud)		Active Data Guard DML Redirection, Automatic Index Creation, Real-Time Statistics Maintenance, SQL Queries on Object Stores, In-Memory for IoT Data Streams, Hybrid Partitioned Tables, Automatic SQL Plan Management, SQL Quarantine, Zero-Downtime Grid Infrastructure Patching, Finer-Granularity Supplemental Logging, Automated PDB Relocation
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle Database 18c	18.1.0 // 12.2.0.2	February 2018 (cloud, Exadata) July 2018 (other)	18.17.0 January 2022	Polymorphic Table Functions, Active Directory Integration, Transparent Application Continuity, Approximate Top-N Query Processing, PDB Snapshot Carousel, Online Merging of Partitions and Subpartitions
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle Database 12c Release 2	12.2.0.1 March 2017	August 2016 (cloud) March 2017 (on-prem)	12.2.0.1 March 2017	Native Sharding, Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance, Exadata Cloud Service, Cloud at Customer
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle Database 12c Release 1	12.1.0.1	July 2013	12.1.0.2 July 2014	Multitenant architecture, In-Memory Column Store, Native JSON, SQL Pattern Matching, Database Cloud Service
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle Database 11g Release 2	11.2.0.1	September 2009	11.2.0.4 August 2013	Edition-Based Redefinition, Data Redaction, Hybrid Columnar Compression, Cluster File System, Golden Gate Replication, Database Appliance
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle Database 11g Release 1	11.1.0.6	September 2007	11.1.0.7 September 2008	Active Data Guard, Secure Files, Exadata
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle Database 10g Release 2	10.2.0.1	July 2005^[20]	10.2.0.5 April 2010	Real Application Testing, Database Vault, Online Indexing, Advanced Compression, Data Guard Fast-Start Failover, Transparent Data Encryption
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle Database 10g Release 1	10.1.0.2	2003	10.1.0.5 February 2006	Automated Database Management, Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor, Grid infrastructure, Oracle ASM, Flashback Database
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle9i Database Release 2	9.2.0.1	2002	9.2.0.8 April 2007	Advanced Queuing, Data Mining, Streams, Logical Standby
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle9i Database	9.0.1.0	2001	9.0.1.5 December 2003	Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC), Oracle XML DB
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle8i Database	8.1.5.0	1998	8.1.7.4 August 2000	Native internet protocols and Java, Virtual Private Database
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle8 Database	8.0.3	June 1997	8.0.6	Recovery Manager, Partitioning. First version available for Linux.^[21]
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle 7.3	7.3.0	February 1996	7.3.4	Object-relational database
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle 7.2	7.2.0	May 1995		Shared Server, XA Transactions, Transparent Application Failover
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle 7.1	7.1.0	May 1994		Parallel SQL Execution. First version available for Windows NT.^[22]
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle7	7.0.12	June 1992		PL/SQL stored procedures, Triggers, Distributed 2-phase commit, Shared Cursors, Cost-Based Optimizer
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle 6.2	6.2.0			Oracle Parallel Server
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle v6	6.0.17	1988	6.0.37	Row-level locking, scalability / performance, online backup and recovery, B*Tree indexes, PL/SQL executed from compiled programs (C etc). First version available for Novell Netware 386.^[23]
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle v5	5.0.22 (5.1.17)	1985	5.1.22	Support for client/server computing and distributed database systems. First version available for OS/2. Correlated sub-queries^[24]
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle v4	4.1.4.0	1984	4.1.4.4	Multiversion read consistency. First version available for MS-DOS.^[25]^[26]
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle v3	3.1.3	1983		Concurrency control, data distribution, and scalability. Re-written in C for portability to other operating systems, including UNIX.^[27]
Old version, no longer maintained: Oracle v2	2.3	1979		First commercially available SQL RDBMS. Basic SQL queries, simple joins^[28] and `CONNECT BY` joins. Written in assembly language for the PDP-11 to run in 128KB of RAM.^[29] Ran on PDP-11 and VAX/VMS in PDP-11 compatibility mode.
Legend: Old version Older version, still maintained Latest version Latest preview version Future release

The Introduction to Oracle Database includes a brief history on some of the key innovations introduced with each major release of Oracle Database.

See My Oracle Support (MOS) note Release Schedule of Current Database Releases (Doc ID 742060.1) for the current Oracle Database releases and their patching end dates.

Patch updates and security alerts edit

Prior to Oracle Database 18c, Oracle Corporation released Critical Patch Updates (CPUs) and Security Patch Updates (SPUs)^[30] and Security Alerts to close security vulnerabilities. These releases are issued quarterly; some of these releases have updates issued prior to the next quarterly release.

Starting with Oracle Database 18c, Oracle Corporation releases Release Updates (RUs) and Release Update Revisions (RURs).^[31] RUs usually contain security, regression (bug), optimizer, and functional fixes which may include feature extensions as well. RURs include all fixes from their corresponding RU but only add new security and regression fixes. However, no new optimizer or functional fixes are included.

Market position edit

A 2016 Gartner report claimed to show Oracle holding #1 RDBMS market share worldwide based on the revenue share ahead of its four closest competitors – Microsoft, IBM, SAP and Teradata .^[32]^{[verification needed]}^{[clarification needed]} A 2021 Gartner Magic Quadrant report named Oracle a leader in Cloud Database Management Systems.^[33]

Competition edit

In the market for relational databases, Oracle Database competes against commercial products such as IBM Db2 and Microsoft SQL Server. Oracle and IBM tend to battle for the mid-range database market on Unix and Linux platforms, while Microsoft dominates the mid-range database market on Microsoft Windows platforms. However, since they share many of the same customers, Oracle and IBM tend to support each other's products in many middleware and application categories (for example: WebSphere, PeopleSoft, and Siebel Systems CRM), and IBM's hardware divisions work closely^{[citation needed]} with Oracle on performance-optimizing server-technologies (for example, Linux on IBM Z). Niche commercial competitors include Teradata (in data warehousing and business intelligence), Software AG's ADABAS, Sybase, and IBM's Informix, among many others.

In the cloud, Oracle Database competes against the database services of AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.

Increasingly, the Oracle database products compete against open-source software relational and non-relational database systems such as PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Couchbase, Neo4j, ArangoDB and others. Oracle acquired Innobase, supplier of the InnoDB codebase to MySQL, in part to compete better against open source alternatives, and acquired Sun Microsystems, owner of MySQL, in 2010. Database products licensed as open-source are, by the legal terms of the Open Source Definition, free to distribute and free of royalty or other licensing fees.