How can JavaScript be used to improve the \"look and feel\" of a Web site? By the same token, how can JavaScript be used to improve the user interface?

Answer

On their own, Web pages tend to be lifeless and flat unless you add animated images or more
bandwidth-intensive content such as Java applets or other content requiring plug-ins to operate
(ShockWave and Flash, for example).
Embedding JavaScript into an HTML page can bring the page to life in any number of ways. Perhaps
the most visible features built into pages recently with the help of JavaScript are the so-called image
rollovers: roll the cursor atop a graphic image and its appearance changes to a highlighted version as a
feedback mechanism to let you know precisely what you're about to click on. But there are less visible
yet more powerful enhancements to pages that JavaScript offers.
Interactive forms validation is an extremely useful application of JavaScript. While a user is entering
data into form fields, scripts can examine the validity of the data--did the user type any letters into a
phone number field?, for instance. Without scripting, the user has to submit the form and let a server
program (CGI) check the field entry and then report back to the user. This is usually done in a batch
mode (the entire form at once), and the extra transactions take a lot of time and server processing
power. Interactive validation scripts can check each form field immediately after the user has entered
the data, while the information is fresh in the mind.
Another helpful example is embedding small data collections into a document that scripts can look up
without having to do all the server programming for database access. For instance, a small company
could put its entire employee directory on a page that has its own search facility built into the script.
You can cram a lot of text data into scripts no larger than an average image file, so it's not like the user
has to wait forever for the data to be downloaded.
Other examples abound, such as interactive tree-structure tables of contents. More modern scriptable
browsers can be scripted to pre-cache images during the page's initial download to make them appear
lickety-split when needed for image swapping. I've even written some multi-screen interactive
applications that run entirely on the client, and never talk to the server once everything is downloaded.

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